Discussion of "Simplified Model of Low Cycle Fatigue for RC Frames"

To model strength degradation due to low cycle fatigue, at least three different approaches can be considered. One possibility is based on the formulation of a new free energy function and damage energy release rate, as was proposed by Ju(1989). The second approach uses the notion of bounding surface introduced in cyclic plasticity by Dafalias and Popov (1975). From this concept, some models have been proposed to quantify damage in concrete or RC (Suaris et al. 1990). The model proposed by the author to include fatigue effects is based essentially in Marigo (1985) and can be included in this approach

Experimental and Analytical Study of Masonry Infill Reinforced Concrete Frames Retrofitted with Steel Braces

In the present work a seismic retrofitting technique is proposed for masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames based on the replacement of infill panels by K-bracing with vertical shear link. The performance of this technique is evaluated through experimental tests. A simplified numerical model for structural damage evaluation is also formulated according to the notions and principles of continuum damage mechanics. The proposed model is calibrated with the experimental results. The experimental results have shown an excellent energy dissipation capacity with the proposed technique. Likewise, the numerical predictions with the proposed model are in good agreement with experimental results

Parallel Algorithms for FE-BE Coupling

When non linear physical systems of infinite extent are modelled, such as tunnels and perforations, it is necessary to simulate suitably the solution in the infinite as well as the non linearity. The finite element method (FEM) is a well known procedure for simulating the non linear behavior. However, the treatment of the infinite field with domain truncations is often questionable. On the other hand, the boundary element method (BEM) is suitable to simulate the infinite behavior without truncations. Because of this, by the combination of both methods, suitable use of the advantages of each one may be obtained. Several possibilities of FEM-BEM coupling and their performance in some practical cases are discussed in this paper. Parallelizable coupling algorithms based on domain decomposition are developed and compared with the most traditional coupling methods

Balanced Scorecard dos centros de saúde familiar do departamento de saúde municipal da comunidade de Puerto Montt, Chile

The use of Balance Scorecards (bsc) has gradually increased in the Chilean health sector. Since 2006, it has been used by various Municipal Health Departments and Family Health Centers (Cesfam) attached to such departments. The bsc is a management model that translates strategy into related objectives that are measured by indicators and linked to certain action plans that allow to adjust the behavior  of the members of an organization. The usefulness of bsc does not depend on the type of company but on the problems it faces. In fact, it has been implemented in both small and large companies and for-profit and non-profit organizations, as shown in this case. This study discusses the development of Cesfam strategic planning in the commune of Puerto Montt, Chile, using the Balance Scorecard (BSC). The implementation of this model involved the work and commitment of each Cesfam’s managing team in the strategic planning process and the determination of all components in the Balance Scorecard.El uso del cuadro de mando integral (CMI) ha aumentado de manera creciente en el sector salud en Chile. A partir del 2006, comenzaron a emplearlo diversos Departamentos de Salud Municipales y Centros de Salud Familiar (Cesfam) dependientes de esos departamentos. El CMI es un modelo de gestión que traduce la estrategia en objetivos relacionados, medidos a través de indicadores, y ligados a unos planes de acción que permiten alinear el comportamiento de los miembros de la organización. La utilidad del CMI no depende del tipo de empresa sino de los problemas que enfrenta, y de hecho se ha implementado en grandes y pequeñas empresas, y en organizaciones con y sin ánimo de lucro, tal como se demuestra en este caso. Se presenta en este estudio el desarrollo de la planificación estratégica de los Cesfam de la comuna de Puerto Montt, Chile, empleando el cuadro de mando integral (CMI) o Balanced Scorecard (BSC). La implementación del modelo implicó el trabajo y compromiso de los equipos gestores de cada uno de los Cesfam en el proceso de planificación estratégica y la definición de la totalidad de los componentes del cuadro de mando.O uso do Balanced Scorecard (BSC) vem aumentando de maneira crescente no setor de saude no Chile. A partir de 2006, diversos Departamentos de Saude Municipais e Centros de Saude Familiar (Cesfam) dependentes desses departamentos comecaram a utiliza-lo.O BSC e um modelo de gestao que traduz a estrategia em objetivos relacionados, medidos por meio de indicadores e ligados a planos de acao que permitem alinhar o comportamento dos membros da organizacao. A utilidade do BSC nao depende do tipo de empresa, mas sim dos problemas que enfrenta e, de fato, vem sendo implantado em grandes e pequenas empresas, alem de organizacoes com ou sem fins lucrativos, tal como se demonstra neste caso.Apresenta-se, neste estudo, o desenvolvimento do planejamento estrategico dos Cesfam da comunidade de Puerto Montt (Chile) utilizando o BSC.A implantacao do modelo implicou o trabalho e o compromisso das equipes gestoras de cada um dos Cesfam no processo de planejamento estrategico e na definicao da totalidade dos componentes do BSC

A simplified model for evaluation of fatigue damage in frames

Many studies have been developed to analyze the structural seismic behavior through the damage index concept. The evaluation of this index has been employed to quantify the safety of new and existing structures and, also, to establish a framework for seismic retrofitting decision making of structures. Most proposed models are based in a posterthquake evaluation in such a way they uncouple the structural response from the damage evaluation. In this paper, a generalization of the model by Flórez-López (1995) is proposed. The formulation employs irreversible thermodynamics and internal state variable theory applied to the study of beams and frames and it allows and explicit coupling between the degradation and the structural mechanical behavior. A damage index es defined in order to model elastoplasticity coupled with damage and fatigue damage

Modelization of low cycle fatigue damage in frames

Damage models based on the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) include explicitly the coupling between damage and mechanical behavior and, therefore, are consistent with the definition of damage as a phenomenon with mechanical consequences. However, this kind of models is characterized by their complexity. Using the concept of lumped models, possible simplifications of the coupled models have been proposed in the literature to adapt them to the study of beams and frames. On the other hand, in most of these coupled models damage is associated only with the damage energy release rate which is shown to be the elastic strain energy. According to this, damage is a function of the maximum amplitude of cyclic deformation but does not depend on the number of cycles. Therefore, low cycle effects are not taking into account. From the simplified model proposed by Flórez-López, it is the purpose of this paper to present a formulation that allows to take into account the degradation produced not only by the peak values but also by the cumulative effects such as the low cycle fatigue. For it, the classical damage dissipative potential based on the concept of damage energy release rate is modified using a fatigue function in order to include cumulative effects. The fatigue function is determined through parameters such as the cumulative rotation and the total rotation and the number of cycles to failure. Those parameters can be measured or identified physically through the haracteristics of the RC. So the main advantage of the proposed model is the possibility of simulating the low cycle fatigue behavior without introducing parameters with no suitable physical meaning. The good performance of the proposed model is shown through a comparison between numerical and test results under cycling loading

Modelo simplificado de daño por fatiga para hormigón armado

En este artículo se presenta un modelo simplificado para la evaluación de daño por fatiga de bajo ciclo en elementos estructurales de hormigón armado. Basándose en los principios fundamentales de la Mecánica de la Degradación en los Medios Continuos se formulan las leyes de comportamiento de una rótula elasto-plastodegradable, lo que constituye una generalización del concepto de rótula plástica empleado en los modelos de plasticidad concentrada utilizados en el estudio de estructuras porticadas. Partiendo de los trabajos realizados por otros autores se hace especial hincapié en el modelado de la pérdida de resistencia por fatiga de bajo ciclo. Para ello se proponen unos potenciales disipativos basados en el criterio de Griffith de la Mecánica de la Fractura y en la regla de Miner tradicionalmente empleada para la cuantificación de daño por fatiga. Algunos problemas inherentes al modelo, como la cuantificación del número de ciclos, también se presentan

Economía y sociedad

Para el mecanismo integrador conceptual en el desarrollo del aprendizaje del estudiante la cartilla 1 titulada: La economía en la sociedad, contempla temáticas como conceptos básicos de economía, el proceso histórico económico y la sociedad, los cuales sirven como un medio facilitador del aprendizaje del estudiante y su entendimiento y manejo con respecto a las dinámicas actuales que se están presentando en la economía. La sinergia de mercado ha llevado a todos los profesionales a dar una seria mirada a los elementos que de una u otra manera influyen y generan modificaciones en el panorama mundial respecto a variables como el dinero, la propiedad, los precios, los recursos y la equidad o desigualdad en la distribución de los mismos, entre otros.El contenido de los documentos publicados en el repositorio, es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y no expresa necesariamente, el pensamiento de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina.UNIDAD 1 Economía - UNIDAD 1 Sociedades comerciales - UNIDAD 2 Necesidades humanas y consumo - UNIDAD 2 Proceso productivo y productividad - UNIDAD 3 Mercado y sociedad - UNIDAD 3 Desarrollo económico y mercado - UNIDAD 4 Crecimiento económico - UNIDAD 4 Crecimiento económico y poblacional

Estudio e implementación de mecanismos de calidad de servicio sobre una arquitectura de servicios diferenciados

Escueal Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicació