Sistemes d'expulsió activa i llur relació amb la resistència als agents antibacterians

Els microorganismes han desenvolupat diversos mecanismes per resistir els efectes tòxics dels agents antibacterians. Entre aquests es troba la disminució de l'acumulació de l'agent antibacterià a l'interior del bacteri, la qual cosa pot ésser deguda a la disminució de la permeabilitat de la membrana externa en els bacteris gramnegatius i a la sobrexpressió de sistemes d'expulsió activa en ambdós tipus de bacteris, gramnegatius i positius. En bacteris gramnegatius la interacció entre aquests dos mecanismes és el que probablement es dóna amb més freqüència. Els sistemes d'expulsió activa s'han dividit en diferents famílies segons llur arquitectura molecular, mecanisme d'acció, requeriments energètics i especificitat de substrat. Aquests sistemes d'expulsió activa s'han de considerar com a potencials dianes terapèutiques, ja que llur inhibició restauraria l'activitat antibacteriana. Així doncs, una possible nova estratègia terapèutica seria el desenvolupament d'inhibidors d'aquests sistemes d'expulsió activa, que serien administrats conjuntament amb l'agent antibacterià que es veuria afectat pel sistema d'expulsió.Microorganisms have developed several mechanisms to resist toxic effects from antibacterial agents; among them we found decrease in drug accumulation, which can be due to a decrease of permeability in Gram-negative bacteria or/and to an increased expression of one or more efflux pumps in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among Gram-negative bacteria the interplay between both mechanisms is frequently found. Active efflux systems can be distributed in several families, depending on their molecular architecture, mechanism of action, energetic requirements and substrate specificity. Those active efflux systems have been considered as potential therapeutic targets, since their inhibition can restore antibacterial agent activity. Therefore, a possible new therapeutic strategy would be found in development of efflux pumps inhibitors, which would be administered together with the antibacterial agent

Evaluation of mass transfer coefficients in biotrickling filters: experimental determination and comparison to correlations

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Dorado, A.D. [et al.]. Evaluation of mass transfer coefficients in biotrickling filters: experimental determination and comparison to correlations. "Chemical engineering and technology", Setembre 2009, vol. 32, núm. 12, p. 1941-1950, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200900275. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Overall mass transfer coefficients (KGa and KLa) were determined experimentally for four different-nature packing materials used in gas-phase biotrickling filters. A simple methodology based on overall mass balances and following a standard procedure allowed to calculate the mass transfer coefficients under different operating conditions corresponding to usual biotrickling filtration situations. Results showed an increase of mass transfer resistance when increasing the empty bed residence time (EBRT) of the reactor for all packing materials. Experimental results were fitted to existing and well-accepted correlations used in conventional biofilter or biotrickling filter modeling. The comparison of experimental and theoretical data showed huge discrepancies. Simple correlations for the experimental data obtained in this study were also suggested.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Emotion Network Analysis During COVID-19 Quarantine - A Longitudinal Study

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency imposed important challenges in the lives of individuals, particularly since the restriction of free movement and limitation of social contact started. This quarantine strategy has been used for centuries because self-isolation can help contain and control the spread of infectious diseases. However, both isolation per se and its uncontrollability have important negative psychological effects on individuals. Previous pandemics, such as those associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), have been described as a mental health catastrophe due to the widespread psychopathology associated with the disease (Gardner and Moallef, 2015). In fact, some people become so anxious, distressed, avoidant, and functionally impaired under pandemics that end up requiring treatment due to the development of an emotional disorder (Wheaton et al., 2012). In this sense, although SARS was dangerous for the elderly and medically fragile, the psychological impact of SARS also inflicted a great deal of suffering in terms of the number of people affected by it and its duration (Chang et al., 2004; Washer, 2004). In another study, respondents who had been quarantined, those who worked in high-risk locations such as SARS wards, or individuals who had close friends or relatives who contracted SARS were 2–3 times more likely to have post-traumatic stress symptoms than people with lower exposure levels (Wu et al., 2009). Thus, it seems clear that mental disorders can be triggered or exacerbated by pandemic-related situational stressors (Wu et al., 2005; Gardner and Moallef, 2015; Shultz et al., 2015). However, as evident as the effects of this quarantine during a pandemic in humans can be, we do not fully understand the psychological dynamics of mood during early quarantine stages and its longitudinal changes over the first 20 days of the COVID-19 quarantine period. Being quarantined is a complex psychological phenomenon that is hard to disentangle because there are numerous interactions between emotions and regulatory mechanisms in order to adapt to this strange and threatening new situation (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020; Suso-Ribera and Martín-Brufau, 2020). Cross-sectional studies fall short to investigate the psychological adaptation to quarantine and even pre-post studies have limitations in understanding what happens during the adaptation process (Brooks et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). For these reasons, longitudinal research seems to be the gold standard methodology to monitor these trajectories when attempting to better understand human psychological responses to pandemics. In addition and in contrast to the simplistic view of “one-size-fits-all” stress response to a potential traumatic situation, different trajectories have been proposed during the 2003 SARS outbreak using a latent class approach, namely, recovery, resilient, delayed, and chronic responses (Bonanno et al., 2008). To better understand these responses, a complex longitudinal analysis is needed to understand the variation and mutual influences of emotional network dynamic patterns during the early stages of the adaptation response to quarantine. This requires a new framework different to a latent approach. Following an affective provocation, emotions interact as a dynamic and time-dependent system (Davidson, 2015). This network of emotions changes as a result of internal and external factors (Frijda, 2007). These fluctuations better characterize emotional response than mean levels of emotions (Kuppens et al., 2007; Sperry and Kwapil, 2019) and can be used to predict mood psychopathology (Wichers et al., 2015; Sperry et al., 2020). In fact, emotion dynamics may be key to understand pathways to psychopathology and well-being (Wichers et al., 2015). For these reasons, to study emotion fluctuations as a dynamic temporal network offers a good opportunity to study the response to stressful situations and increase our understanding of basic emotional responses and could suggest sooner and more successful interventions in the future. The new field of network psychometrics has been used in recent years to investigate the complex structure of various psychiatric disorders (Fried, 2017), including depression (Fried et al., 2016), psychosis (Isvoranu et al., 2016), schizophrenia (Levine and Leucht, 2016), and anxiety (Beard et al., 2016), among others. The network perspective offers a novel way of understanding the dynamics of psychopathology (Borsboom, 2017). In contrast to viewing symptoms as reflective of underlying latent categories or dimensions, network analysis conceptualizes symptoms as constitutive of mental states, not reflective of them (McNally, 2016). At the heart of the theory lies the notion that psychopathological symptoms are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological, and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate feedback that maintains symptomatology. In this case, the network can become stuck and develop into a disorder state (Borsboom, 2017). Ultimately, network analysis is a form of time-series analysis that has been recommended for its use in complex models where interactions between system components (e.g., different mood states) need to be modeled. This is done by graphically representing the interactions among system elements by means of edges and nodes (Gao et al., 2016). Thus, mood changes could be studied as networks, and this methodology could detect complex interactions between mood states over time that would be otherwise undetectable using pre–post methodology. Repeated short-term assessments can detect variations in the presence and severity of states and reveal dynamic processes between them (Ebner-Priemer and Trull, 2009; Myin-Germeys et al., 2009; Bolger and Laurenceau, 2013). Network models can be used to investigate such dynamic processes in repeated assessment data from one participant [vector autoregression models (VARs)] or data from multiple participants (multilevel VAR; Epskamp et al., 2016). These models produce temporal networks depicting a directed network of the lagged associations of symptoms from one time point to the next for which Granger causal connections between symptoms are inferred (Schuurman et al., 2016). Temporal networks can then be used to identify symptoms with a high “out-strength,” that is, symptoms that are most predictive of other symptoms at the next time point (Epskamp et al., 2016). The study of mood and its temporal evolution is important for several reasons. Moods, for example, are different to emotions in a number of characteristics, including the fact that they last longer (Ekman and Davidson, 1994). In fact, moods can have an impact on emotions (i.e., they lower the threshold that is required to trigger an emotion) (Thorndike et al., 1991). Therefore, moods can predispose individuals to experience situations in a certain manner, which can ultimately impact the way they cope with stressors (Berrocal and Extremera, 2008), such as being quarantined. Research into the determinants of mood states has been dominated by personality theories. For example, personality models like the five-factor model have shown that individuals high in neuroticism tend to present more unstable mood states (e.g., emotionality) and tend to be dominated by negative mood states (e.g., sadness and anxiety), while extraverted individuals tend to report more positive mood states (e.g., vigor; Garrity and Demick, 2001). The literature has shown, however, that mood states are influenced not only by internal factors (i.e., personality) but also by external elements (e.g., stress; Kudielka et al., 2004). As noted earlier, such changes in mood are important as they can lead to differential adaptation to adverse environments as they predispose to certain emotional states and coping efforts (Catanzaro and Mearns, 1999). During the COVID-19 pandemic, several calls have been made to better understand the impact of the quarantine, an external stressor, on the mood status of individuals across time (Brooks et al., 2020; Lima et al., 2020). To do so, we would need to compare mood during the quarantine with mood prior to the quarantine. In the present study, however, only data after the quarantine were obtained, with the intention to explore how mood states develop over time under such strange situations using complex interaction statistical methods to study the evolution of networks of mood states under a pandemic, which can inform about human adaptation mechanisms under stressful conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the psychological dynamics of mood changes during the first stages of the COVID-19 quarantine in a sample of Spanish individuals from the general population using longitudinal data in a multilevel framework

Beneficis del coaching en la Intel·ligència Emocional de les organitzacions

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Psicologia del Treball, de les Organitzacions i en Recursos Humans. Codi: SBE513. Curs acadèmic: 2018/2019.The growing dehumanization of the society in general, and in the work world in particular, was one of the reasons that triggered, in 2007, one of the main economic crises ever faced. The companies perceived workers as a way to obtain an economic benefit, and they had a growing need to possess tangible goods at any cost. Nowadays, thanks to the emergence and reactivation of humanist points of view, a more complete vision of the person has been developed. This new vision treats and takes care of aspects that provide an intangible benefit to every person, a better welfare that is transferred to the organization by obtaining more productivity of the workers and better business profitability. At this point is where Emotional Intelligence plays an special role. The way these people can develop their task so that their contribution to the company gets improved, so that they not only do the job but also feel invited to do it the best they can. As it has been evidenced at TIMI: “COACHING I INTEL·LIGÈNCIA EMOCIONAL”, Javier Segura Ribera, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), coaching is an enhancer factor of Emotional Intelligence, is a way to speed up the process of integrate it to the people. The purpose of this work is to elaborate a coaching program with the aim to implant it in a retail multinational company, with headquarters in Barcelona. The first phase will be carried out at the sales department, where it’s easier to assess the results in an objective way, as it has been done at TIMI cited previously. The staff working in this department includes a director, 2 clerks (a man and a woman) and 6 sales representatives (4 men and two women), who get the national market distributed.La creixent deshumanització de la societat en general, i del món laboral en particular, va ser un dels motius que van abocar, cap a l’any 2007, a una de les majors crisis econòmiques viscudes. Les empreses percebien a les persones com a un mitjà per assolir un benefici econòmic, i on ella mateixa es veia arrossegada a una creixent necessitat de posseir bens tangibles al preu que fora. Avui dia, gràcies a l’aparició i reactivació de corrents humanistes, s’ha aconseguit una visió més completa de la persona, tractant i cuidant aspectes d’ella de manera que li proporcionen un benefici intangible, un major benestar, que es transfereix a l’organització obtenint una major productivitat del personal i una major rendibilitat empresarial. Aquí és on juga un especial paper la Intel·ligència Emocional, cóm aquestes persones poden desenvolupar la seva tasca de manera que es potenciï la seva aportació a l’empresa, que no sols es dediquen a fer la seva feina sinó que es vegin invitades a millorar-la. Tal i com ha quedat demostrat en el TIMI: “COACHING I INTEL·LIGÈNCIA EMOCIONAL”, Javier Segura Ribera de la Universitat Jaume I (UJI), el coaching és un factor potenciador de la Intel·ligència Emocional, és un mitjà per aconseguir accelerar el procés d’integrar-la en les persones. El propòsit d’aquest treball és elaborar un programa de coaching amb l’objectiu d’implantar-lo en una empresa multinacional de retail, amb seu a Barcelona. En una primera fase es durà a terme en el departament de vendes, on és més fàcil avaluar els resultats de forma objectiva, tal i com hem fet en el TIMI abans citat. En aquest departament treballa una directora, 2 administratius (una dona i un home) i 5 delegats/des de vendes (3 homes i dos dones), entre les quals es reparteix el mercat nacional

Automatic crowdflow estimation enhanced by crowdsourcing

[ANGLÈS] Video surveillance systems are evolving from simple closed-circuit television (CCTV) towards intelligent systems capable of understanding the recorded scenes. This trend is accompanied by the widespread increase in the amount of cameras, which makes the continuous monitoring of video feeds a practically impossible task. In this scenario, video surveillance systems make intensive use of video analytics and image processing in order to allow their scalability and boost their effectiveness. One of such video analytics performed in video surveillance systems is crowd analysis. Crowd analysis plays a fundamental role in security applications. For instance, keeping a rough estimate of the amount of people present in a given area or inside a building is critical to prevent jams in an emergency or when planning the distribution of entry and exit nodes. In this thesis, we focus on crowd flow estimation. Crowd flow is defined as the number of people that have crossed a specific region over time. Hence, the goal of the method is to estimate the crowd flow as accurately as possible in real time. Many automatic methods have been proposed in the literature to estimate the crowd flow. However, video analytics techniques often face a wide range of difficulties such as occlusions, shadows, environmental conditions changes or distortions in the video. Developed methods struggle to maintain a high accuracy in such situations. Crowdsourcing has been shown as an effective solution to solve to problems that involve complex cognitive tasks. By incorporating human assistantship, the performance of automatic methods can be enhanced in adverse situations. In this thesis, an automatic crowd flow estimation method, previously developed in the Video and Image Processing Laboratory at Purdue University, is implemented and crowdsourcing is used to enhance its performance. Also, a web platform is developed to control the whole system remotely by the operator of the system, and to allow the crowdsourcing members to perform their tasks.[CASTELLÀ] Los sistemas de videovigilancia están evolucionando desde simples circuitos cerrados de televisión (CCTV) hacia sistemas inteligentes capaces de entender las escenas registradas. A esta tendencia le acompaña el extendido incremento en la cantidad de cámaras, hecho que hace que monitorizar continuamente todos los flujos de vídeo sea una tarea prácticamente imposible. En este escenario, los sistemas de videovigilancia hacen un uso intensivo de analíticas de video y procesado de imagen al fin de permitir su escalabilidad e impulsar su efectividad. Una de estas analíticas de vídeo que sea realizan en los sistemas de videovigilancia es el llamado > o análisis de multitudes. El > lleva a cabo un rol fundamental en aplicaciones de seguridad. Por ejemplo, mantener una estimación aproximada de la cantidad de personas presentes en una área o dentro de un edificio es crítico para prevenir atascos en una emergencia o para planear la distribución de nodos de entrada o salida. En esta tesis, nos focalizamos en estimación del > o flujo de multitudes. > se define como el número de personas que han cruzado una región específica a lo largo del tiempo. Así, el objetivo del método es estimar el > tan precisamente como sea posible en tiempo real. En la literatura se han propuesto muchos métodos automáticos para estimar el >. Aun así, las técnicas de analíticas de vídeo a menudo se enfrentan con una amplia gama de dificultades tales como oclusiones, sombras, cambios en las condiciones ambientales o distorsiones en el vídeo. Los métodos desarrollados pelean por mantener una alta precisión en estas situaciones. El > se ha demostrado como una solución efectiva a los problemas que involucran tareas cognitivas complejas. Incorporando asistencia humana, se puede mejorar el rendimiento de los métodos automáticos en situaciones adversas. En esta tesis, se implementa un método automático de estimación del >, previamente desarrollado en el Video and Image Processing Laboratory en la universidad de Purdue, y se usa > para mejorar su rendimiento. Además, se desarrolla una plataforma web para controlar todo el sistema remotamente por parte del operador, y permitir a los miembros del > llevar a cabo sus tareas.[CATALÀ] Els sistemes de videovigilància estan evolucionant des de simples circuits tancats de televisió (CCTV) cap a sistemes intel·ligents capaços d'entendre les escenes enregistrades. A aquesta tendència li acompanya l'extès increment en la quantitat de càmeres, fet que fa que monitoritzar continuament tots els fluxes de video sigui una tasca pràcticament impossible. En aquest escenari, els sistemes de videovigilància fan un ús intensiu d'analítiques de video i processament d'imatge per tal de permetre la seva escalabilitat i impulsar la seva efectivitat. Una d'aquestes analítiques de video que es realitzen en els sistemes de videvigilància és l'anomenat > o anàlisi de multituds. El > duu a terme un rol fonamental en aplicacions de seguretat. Per exemple, mantenir una estimació aproximada de la quantitat de persones presents en una àrea o dintre d'un edifici és crític per prevenir embusos en una emergència o per planejar la distribució de nodes d'entrada o sortida. En aquesta tesis, ens focalitzem en estimació del > o fluxe de mutituds. > es defineix com el nombre de persones que han creuat una regió específica al llarg del temps. Així, l'objectiu del mètode és estimar el > tan precisament com sigui possible en temps real. En la literatura s'han proposat molts mètodes automàtics per estimar el >. Tot i així, les tècniques d'analítiques de video sovint s'enfronten a una àmplia gamma de dificultats com ara oclusions, sombres, canvis en les condicions ambientals o distorsions en el video. Els mètodes desenvolupats barallen per mantenir una alta precisió en aquestes situacions. El > s'ha demostrat com una sol·lució efectiva als problemes que involucren tasques cognitives complexes. Incorporant assistència humana, es pot millorar el rendiment dels mètodes automàtics en situacions adverses. En aquesta tesi, s'implementa un mètode automàtic d'estimació del >, prèviament desenvolupat al Video and Image Processing Laboratory a la universitat de Purdue, i es fa servir > per millorar el seu rendiment. A més, es desenvolupa una plataforma web per controlar tot el sistema remotament per l'operador, i per permetre als membres del > portar a terme les seves tasques

Addicions a la flora algològica del Principat de Catalunya

In a sandy-bed near Arenys de Mar (Barcelona, Spain) some algal species were collected, using scuba-diving techniques, at 25-32 m depth. Three of them were for the first time found in the catalan coast: Halymenia latifolia Crouan & Crouan, Halymenia floresia (Clemente) C. Agardh var. pinnata Codomier and Carpomitra costata (Stackhouse) Batters var. mediterranea Feldmann

Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major environmental factor involved in the development of skin cancers and occurs mainly during outdoor activities. During summer schools, children receive regular and significant solar ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) while practising outdoor activities. Personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were attached to the shoulders of schoolchildren and used to quantify their exposure to UVER. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, during July 2008, with three age groups (7–8, 9–10 and 11–12 years old) and involved about 15 schoolchildren. The median (25, 75 percentiles) twice-daily UV exposure values for all groups was 5.49 (3.59, 8.00) standard erythemal doses (SEDs), where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 Jm−2 when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function. Exposure ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected body site and the corresponding ambient dose received on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The median (25, 75 percentiles) ER value for all groups in the study was 5.9% (4.1, 8.7).The research reported here was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813 and the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO/2010/064Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada Ribera, LJ.; Moreno Esteve, JC. (2012). Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain. International Journal of Biometeorology. 56:371-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0440-7S37137756Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. http://www.aemet.es/ . Accessed 5 March 2010Armstrong BK (2005) How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective, In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English DR (eds) Prevention of skin cancer. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 89–116Armstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63:8–18Biosense Laboratories. http://www.biosense.de/viosp-e.htm . Accessed 5 March 2010Boldeman C, Dal H, Wester U (2004) Swedish pre-school children’s UVR exposure - a comparison between two outdoor environments. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 20:2–8Fitzpatrick TB, Pathak M, Parrish JA (1974) Protection of human skin against the effects of the sunburn ultraviolet (290–320 nm). In: Pathak MA, Harber LC, Seiji M, Kukita A (eds) Sunlight and man: normal and abnormal photobiologic responses. University of Tokyo Press, TokyoFurusawa Y, Quintern LE, Holtschmidt H, Koepke P, Saito M (1998) Determination of erythema-effective solar radiation in Japan and Germany with a spore monolayer film optimized for the detection of UVA and UVA - results of a field campaign. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:597–603Grant WB, Holick MF (2005) Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev 10:94–104Guy CY, Diab RD, Martincigh BM (2003) Ultraviolet radiation exposure of children and adolescents in Durban, South Africa. Photochem Photobiol 77:265–270IARC (2000) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: solar and ultraviolet radiation 55. IARC, LyonInternational Commission on Illumination (1997) Standard erythema dose, a review. CIE J 125:1–5International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1995) Global Solar UV Index. ICNIRP-1/95International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2004) Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Phys 87:171–186International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (1985) Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Phys 49:331–340Kimlin M, Parisi A (2001) Usage of real-time ultraviolet radiation data to modify the daily erythemal exposure of primary schoolchildren. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 17:130–135McKinlay AF, Diffey BL (1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. CIE J 6:17–22Moehrle M, Dennenmoser B, Garbe C (2003a) Continuous long-term monitoring of UV radiation in professional mountain guides reveals extremely high exposure. Int J Cancer 103:775–778Moehrle M, Garbe C (2000) Personal UV dosymetry by Bacillus subtilis spore films. Dermatology 200:1–5Moehrle M, Korn M, Garbe C (2003b) Bacillus subtilis spore film dosimeters in personal dosimetry for occupational solar ultraviolet exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 173:575–580Munakata N, Ono M, Watanabe S (1998) Monitoring of solar-UV exposure among schoolchildren in five Japanese cities using spore dosimeter and UV-coloring labels. Jpn J Cancer Res 89:235–245Norval M, Cullen AP, de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, Lucas RM, Noonan FP, van der Leun JC (2007) The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6:232–251Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C (2006) Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Arch Dis Child 91:131–138Ono M, Munakata N, Watanabe S (2005) UV exposure of elementary school children in five Japanese cities. Photochem Photobiol 81:437–445Programa meteorología de la Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Generalitat Valenciana). http://www.gva.es/ceamet/vigilancia/radUV/radUV.html . Accessed 15 March 2010Saraiya M, Glanz K, Briss PA, Nichols P, White C, Das D, Smith SJ, Tannor B, Hutchinson AB, Wilson KM, Ghandi N, Lee NC, Rimer B, Coates RC, Kerner JF, Hiatt RA, Buffler P, Rochester P (2004) Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 27:422–466Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC (2009) Erythemal Ultraviolet exposure in two groups of outdoor workers in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 85:1468–1473Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC (2010) Erythemal ultraviolet exposure of cyclists in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 86:716–721Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC (2011) Solar UV exposure of primary schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol Sci. doi: 10.1039/C0PP00153HThieden E, Ågren MS, Wulf HC (2000) The wrist is a reliable body site for personal dosimetry of ultraviolet radiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 16:57–61Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Heydenreich J, Wulf HC (2004) UV radiation exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behaviour based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch Dermatol 140:197–203World Health Organization (2002) Global Solar UV Index: a practical guide. WHO, Geneva, SwitzerlandWright C, Reeder A (2005) Youth solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices: areview. Photochem Photobiol 81:1331–1342Wright CY, Reeder AI, Bodeker GE, Gray A, Cox B (2007) Solar UVR exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices among primary schoolchildren. Photochem Photobiol 83:749–75

Solar UV exposure in construction workers in Valencia, Spain

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has long been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among the groups most at risk from exposure to solar UVR in their daily activities. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure the biologically effective UVR received by construction workers in the course of their daily work. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in July 2010 and involved a group of eight workers for a period of 5 days. The median UV exposure was 6.11 standard erythema dose (SED) per day, with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J/m 2 when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eeclairage erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 13.9% of total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER). Comparison with the occupational UVR exposure limit showed that the subjects had received UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 27 June 2012; doi:10.1038/jes.2012.58.We wish to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia building staff for their cooperation in this study. We are also grateful to the State Agency for Meteorology and the Generalitat Valenciana for providing us with access to their meteorological data. We would like to thank the R&D&I Linguistic Assistance Office, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) for granting financial support for proofreading this paper. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2010-15931 and the Generalitat Valenciana within project PROMETEO/2010/064.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada Ribera, LJ.; Moreno Esteve, JC. (2013). Solar UV exposure in construction workers in Valencia, Spain. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 23:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.58S1623Lucas R., McMichael T., Smith W., and Armstrong B. Solar ultraviolet radiation: global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. In: Prüss-Ustün A. et al. (Eds.) Environmental Burden of Disease, Series No. 13 World Health Organization, Geneva, 2006.Birch-Johansen F., Jensen A., Mortensen L., Braae A., and Kjær S.K. Trends in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Denmark 1978–2007: rapid incidence increase among young Danish women. Int J Cancer 2010: 127: 2190–2198.de Vries E., Tyczynski J.E., and Maxwell Parkin D. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe European network of cancer registries. ENCR CANCER FACT SHEETS No. 4 Intern Agency Res Cancer. November 2003.Fuglede N.B., Brinck-Claussen U., Deltour I., Boesen E.H., Dalton S.O., and Johansen C. Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Denmark, 1978–2007. Br J Dermatol 2011: 165: 349–353.Garbe C., and Leiter U. Melanoma epidemiology and trends. Clin Dermatol 2009: 27: 3–9.Madan V., Lear J., and Szeimies R.M. Non-melanoma skin cancer. Seminar, www.thelancet.com , 2010: 375.Medhaug I., Olseth J.A., and Reuder J. UV radiation and skin cancer in Norway. J Photochem Photobiol B 2009: 96: 232–241.World Health Organization. World Cancer Report 2008. In: Boyle P., and Levin B. (Eds.) 2008.Cabanes A., Pérez-Gómez B., Aragonés N., Pollán M., and López-Abente G. La situación del cáncer en España, 1975–2006. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 2009.Cáncer en cifras. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Available at http://193.146.50.130/morta/grafs.php# grafs (accessed 15 June 2011).GLOBOCAN. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at http://globocan.iarc.fr/ (accessed 15 June 2011) 2008.CAREX project Available at http://www.esf.org/research-areas/space-sciences/activities/carex-project.html (accessed 15 June 2011).Kauppinen T., Toikkanen J., Pedersen D., Young R., Kogevinas M., and Ahrens W., et al. Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union in 1990–1993. CAREX. International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, 1998.Maqueda J., De la Orden V., Kauppinen T., Toikkanen J., Pedersen D., and Young R., et al. Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens in Spain in 1990–1993: Preliminary Results. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, 1998.IARC Monographs. Evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: solar and ultraviolet radiation 55, Lyon, 2000.Bauer A., Diepgen T.L., and Schmitt J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature: is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? Br J Dermatol 2011: 165: 612–625.Downs N.J., Schouten P.W., Parisi A.V., and Turner J. Measurements of the upper body ultraviolet exposure to golfers: non-melanoma skin cancer risk, and the potential benefits of exposure to sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009: 25: 317–324.Hakansson N., Floderus B., Gustavsson P., Feychting M., and Hallin N. Occupational sunlight exposure and cancer incidence among Swedish construction workers. Epidemiology 2001: 12: 552–557.Kenborg L., Jørgensen A.D., Budtz-Jørgensen E., Knudsen L.E., and Hansen J. Occupational exposure to the sun and risk of skin and lip cancer among male wage earners in Denmark: a population-based case–control study. Cancer Causes Control 2010: 21: 1347–1355.Lichte V., Dennenmoser B., Dietz K., Hafner H.M., Schlagenhauff B., Garbe C., and Fischer J. Professional risk for skin cancer development in male mountain guides—a cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010: 24: 797–804.Radespiel-Tröger M., Meyer M., Pfahlberg A., Lausen B., Uter W., and Gefeller O. Outdoor work and skin cancer incidence: a registry-based study in Bavaria. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009: 82: 357–363.Aceituno-Madera P., Buendía-Eisman A., Olmo F.J., Jiménez-Moleón J.J., and Serrano-Ortega S. Melanoma, altitude, and UV-B radiation. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2011: 102 (3): 199–205.Boniol M., De Vries E., Coebergh J.W., and Dore J.F. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of cutaneous melanoma in Europe: influence of latitude. An analysis using the EUROCARE group of registries. Eur J Cancer 2005: 41: 126–132.Chang Y., Barrett J.H., and Timothy D. Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls. Int J Epidemiol 2009: 38: 814–830.de Vries E., Boniol M., Dore J.F., and Coebergha J.W.W. Lower incidence rates but thicker melanomas in Eastern Europe before 1992: a comparison with Western Europe. Eur J Cancer 2004: 40: 1045–1052.Downs N., Parisi A., and Schouten P. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma risks for golfers: an assessment of the influence of tee time for latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. J Photochem Photobiol B 2011: 105: 98–105.Micu E., Juzeniene A., and Moan J. Comparison of the time and latitude trends of melanoma incidence in anorectal region and perianal skin with those of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Norway. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04023.x.Moehrle M., and Garbe C. Does mountaineering increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma? A hypothesis based on cancer registry data Dermatology. Dermatology 1999: 199 (3): 201–203.Pfeifer M.T., Koepke P., and Reuder J. Effects of altitude and aerosol on UV radiation. J Geophysical Res D: Atmospheres 2006: 111 (1).Gies P., and Wright J. Measured solar ultraviolet radiation exposures of outdoor workers in Queensland in the building and construction industry. Photochem Photobiol 2003: 78 (4): 342–348.Gies P., Watzl R., Javorniczky J., Roy C., Henderson S., Ayton J., and Kingston M. Measurement of the UVR exposures of expeditioners on antarctic resupply voyages. Photochem Photobiol 2009: 85: 1485–1490.Glanz K., Buller D.B., and Saraiya M. Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure among outdoor workers: state of the evidence and recommendations. Environ Health 2007: 6: 22.Hammond V., Reeder A.I., and Gray A. Patterns of real-time occupational ultraviolet radiation exposure among a sample of outdoor workers in New Zealand. Public Health 2009: 123: 182–187.Milon A., Sottas P.E., Bulliard J.L., and Vernez D. Effective exposure to solar UV in building workers: influence of local and individual factors. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2007: 17: 58–68.Moehrle M., Dennenmoser B., and Garbe C. Continuous long-term monitoring of UV radiation in Professional mountain guides reveals extremely high exposure. Int J Cancer 2003: 103: 775–778.Schmalwieser A.W., Cabaj A., Schauberger G., Rohn H., Maier B., and Maier H. Facial solar UV exposure of Austrian farmers during occupation. Photochem Photobiol 2010: 86: 1404–1413.Serrano M.A., Cañada J., and Moreno J.C. Erythemal ultraviolet exposure in two groups of outdoor workers in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2009: 85: 1468–1473.Siani A.M., Casale G.R., Sisto R., Colosimo A., Lang C.A., and Kimlin M.G. Occupational exposures to solar ultraviolet radiation of vineyard workers in Tuscany (Italy). Photochem Photobiol 2011: 87: 925–934.Siani A.M., Casale G.R., Díemoz H., Agnesod G., Kimlin M.G., Lang C.A., and Colosimo A. Personal UV exposure in high albedo alpine sites. Atmos Chem Phys 2008: 8: 3749–3760.Thieden E., Collins S.M., Philipsen P.A., Murphy G.M., and Wulf H.C. Ultraviolet exposure patterns of Irish and Danish gardeners during work and leisure. Br J Dermatol 2005: 153: 795–801.de Gruijl F.R. Sufficient vitamin D from casual sun exposure? Photochem Photobiol 2011: 87: 598–601.Webb A.R., Kift R., Berry J.L., and Rhodes L.E. The vitamin D debate: translating controlled experiments into reality for human sun exposure times. Photochem Photobiol 2011: 87: 741–745.Norval M., Cullen A.P., de Gruijl F.R., Longstreth J., Takizawa Y., Lucas R.M., Noonan F.P., and Van der Leun J.C. The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007: 6: 232–251.Kampman M.T., and Steffense L.H. The role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010: 101: 137–141.Van Amerongen B.M., Dijkstra C.D., Lips P., and Polman C.H. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004: 58: 1095–1109.Zittermann A., and Gummert J.F. Sun, vitamin D, and cardiovascular disease. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010: 101: 124–129.Gilbert R., Metcalfe C., Oliver S.E., Whiteman D.C., Bain C., and Ness A., et al. Life course sun exposure and risk of prostate cancer: population-based nested case-control study and metaanalysis. Int J Cancer 2009: 125: 1414–1423.Grant W.B. Relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and incidence of breast, colorectal, and other cancers. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010: 101: 130–136.Grant W.B., and Holick M.F. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev 2005: 10 (2): 94–104.John E.M., Koo J., and Schwartz G.G. Sun exposure and prostate cancer risk: evidence for a protective effect of early-life exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007: 16: 1283–1286.Humble M.B. Vitamin D, light and mental health. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010: 101: 142–149.EUROMELANOMA. Available at http://www.euromelanoma.org (accessed 5 April 2011).Biosense Laboratories Available at www.biosense.de/home-e.htm (accessed 11 April 2011).Moehrle M., and Garbe C. Personal UV dosymetry by Bacillus subtilis Spore Films. Dermatology 2000: 200: 1–5.O’Riordan D.L., Glanz K., Gies P., and Elliott T. A pilot study of the validity of self-reported ultraviolet radiation exposure and sun protection practices among lifeguards, parents and children. Photochem Photobiol 2008: 84 (3): 774–778.Furusawa Y., Quintern L.E., Holtschmidt H., Koepke P., and Saito M. Determination of erythema-effective solar radiation in Japan and Germany with a spore monolayer film optimized for the detection of UVA and UVA—results of a field campaign. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998: 50: 597–603.Munakata N., Kazadzis S., Bais A.F., Hieda K., Ronto G., Rettberg P., and Horneck G. Comparisons of spore dosimetry and spectral photometry of solar-UV radiation at four sites in Japan and Europe. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2000: 72 (6): 739–745.McKinlay A.F., and Diffey B.L. A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. CIE Journal 1987: 6: 17–22.CIE. International commission on illumination, standard erythema dose, a review. CIE Journal 1997: 125: 1–5. Vienna.Quintern L.E., Furusawa Y., Fukutsu K., and Holtschimdt H. Characterization and application of UV detector spore-films: the sensitivity curve of a new detector system provides good similarity to the action spectrum for UV-induced erythema in human skin. J Photochem Photobiol B 1997: 37: 158–166.Seckmeyer G., Mayer B., and Bernhard G. The 1997 Status of Solar UV Spectroradiometry in Germany: results from the National Intercomparison of UV Spectroradiometers, with contributions from Albold A., Baum W., Dehne K., Feister U.,Gericke K., Grewe R., Gross C., Sandmann H., Schreiber J., Seidlitz H.K., Steinmetz M., Thiel S., Wallasch M. and Weller M. Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research 1998. 55/98, ISBN: 3-8265-3695-9.Programa meteorología de la Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Generalitat Valenciana). http://www.gva.es/ceamet/vigilancia/radUV/radUV.html . (accessed 2 March 2011).Hülsen G., and Gröbner J. Characterization and calibration of ultraviolet broadband radiometers measuring erythemally weighted irradiance. Appl Opt 2007: 46: 5877–5886.Vilaplana J.M., Cachorro V.E., Sorribas M., Luccini E., de Frutos A.M., and Berjón A., et al. Modified calibration procedures for a Yankee Environmental System UVB-1 biometer based on spectral measurements with a Brewer spectrophotometer. J Photochem Photobiol 2006: 82: 508–514.Cañada J., Esteve A.R., Marin M.J., Utrillas M.P., Tena F., and Martinez-Lozano J.A. Study of erythemal, UV(A+B) and global solar radiation in Valencia (Spain). Intern J Climatol 2008: 28: 693–702.Tena F., Martinez-Lozano J.A., Utrillas M.P., Marin M.J., Esteve A.R., and Cañada J. The erythemal clearness index for Valencia, Spain. Intern J Climatol 2009: 29: 147–155.IRPA (International Radiation Protection Association). Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Physics 1985: 49 (2): 331–340.ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation. Health Physics 2010: 99 (1): 66–87.ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Protecting workers from ultraviolet radiation. In: Vecchia P., Hietanen M., Stuck B.E., van Deventer E., Niu S. ICNIRP14/2007. ICNIRP, Oberschleissheim, Germany.ACGIH, TLVs and BEI. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents, biological exposure indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, 1999, 154–158.Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) Available at http://www.aemet.es/ (accessed 7 March 2011).NASA. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Available at http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (accessed 7 March 2011).ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Global Solar UV Index. ICNIRP-1/95, 1995.World Health Organization. Global Solar UV Index: A Practical Guide. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002

Alteraciones en la permeabilidad de liposomas unilamelares causadas por la presencia de sistemas mixtos de los tensioactivos dodecilbetaina y dodecilsulfato sódico.

Se investigan las alteraciones en la permeabilidad de liposomas unilamelares promovidas por la presencia de sistemas mixtos de los tensioactivos dodecilbetaina (C12-Bet)/dodecil sulfato sodico (SDS). A tal fin, se han determinado los coeficientes de partición de dichos sistemas de tensioactivos para diferentes relaciones molares del tensioactivo anfotérico al distribuirse entre la fase acuosa y la bicapa lipídica de liposomas constituídos por vesículas unilamelares de un tamaño aproximado de 100 nm. La composición lipídica de los liposomas fue fosfatidilcolina y acido fosfatídico (relación molar 9:1). Se determinó la permeabilidad del agente fluorescente 5-(6) carboxifluoresceina encapsulado en dichas bicapas a concentraciones subsolubilizantes. Puede establecerse que cuando la fracción molar de los sistemas C12-Bet/SDS es de 0.4, la concentración micelar crítica de dichos sistemas presenta un valor mínimo mientras que su coeficiente de partición es máximo. Existe una correlación directa entre la capacidad permebilizante de los sistemas estudiados y sus coeficientes de partición.The alterations due to betaine-type zwitterionic and anionic surfactant mixed systems in the permeability of unilamellar liposomes have been investigated. The partition coefficient of these systems at different molar fractions, between the aqueous phase and the lipid bilayer of liposomes has been determined. These surfactant mixed systems were formed by N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylbetaine (C12-Bet) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the presence on 20 mM PIPES buffer and 110 mM Na2 SO4 at pH 7.21. Unilamellar liposomes were prepared from egg phosphatldylcholine and phosphatidic acid (9:1 molar ratio). The release of the fluorescent agent 5-(6)carboxyfluorescein induced by the systems has been studied at sub-solubilizing concentrations. When the molar fraction of C12-Bet/SDS is about 0.4, the critical micelle concentration values of these systems exhibit a minimum, whereas their partition coefficient between the aqueous phase and lipid bilayer of lipid bilayers shows a maximum. There is a consistent correlation between the partition coefficient and the ability of the different systems of surfactants to modify the permeability of liposomes.On fait des recherches sur les altérations dans la perméabilité de liposomes unilamellaires provoquées par la présence de systèmes mixtes des tensio-actifs dodécyl bétaine (C12-Bet)/dodécyl sulfate sodique (SDS). Dans cet objectif, on a déterminé les coeficients de partition molaires du tensio-actif amphotérique, se répartissant entre la phase aqueuse et la bicouche lipidique de liposomes constitués par des vesicules unilamellaires d'une grandeur aproximative de 100 nm. La composition lipidique des liposomes a été phosphatidyl choline et acide phosphatidique (relation molaire 9.7). On a déterminé la perméabilité de l'agent fluorescent 5-(6) carboxyfluorescéine encapsulé dans lesdites bicouches à des concentrations subsolubilisantes. On peut établir que, lorsque la fraction molaire des systemes C12-Bet/SDS est de 0,4, la concentration micellaire critique desdits systemes présente una valeur minimum alors que son coefficient de partition est maximum. Il existe une corrélation directe entre la capacité perméabilisante des systemes étudiés et leurs coefficients de partition.Peer Reviewe