554 research outputs found
Two New Species Of Brachycephalus (anura: Brachycephalidae) From The Atlantic Forest In Paraná State, Southern Brazil
Two new species of brachycephalid frogs are described from Pico Marumbi, municipality of Morretes, and Pico da Igreja, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná State, southern Brazil. The new species share the following attributes: body bufoniform; skin on top of the head, and central part of the back body smooth with no dermal co-ossification; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; dermal roofing bones of skull unornamented; all paired cranial bones distinct and not fused; quadratojugals, and maxillary odontoids present. The new species from Pico Marumbi is characterized by male SVL = 11.6-12.5 and female SVL = 13.0-14.5 mm; and general color orange with dorsal reddish-brown irregular markings, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish spots and small dots. The new species from Pico da Igreja is characterized by male SVL = 12.6-13.9 and female SVL = 14.6-15.3 mm; and general color orange, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish coalescent spots and small dots. Comparisons with other brachycephalid species and osteological data are provided. © 2006 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc.622221233Austin, J.D., Lougheed, S.C., Tanner, K., Chek, A.A., Bogart, J.P., Boag, P.T., A molecular perspective on the evolutionary affinities of an enigmatic neotropical frog, Allophryne ruthveni (2002) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, pp. 335-346Duarte, L.C., Monteiro, L.R., Von Zuben, F.J., Dos Reis, S.F., Variation in mandible shape in Thrichomys apereoides (Mammalia: Rodentia): Geometric analysis of a complex morphological structure (2000) Systematic Biology, 49, pp. 563-578Frost, D.R., (2004) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 3.0, , http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html, (22 August, 2004). Electronic Database available at, New York, New York, U.S.AGaravello, J.C., Reis, S.F., Strauss, R.E., Geographic variation in Leporinus friderici (Block) (Pisces: Ostariophysi) from the Paraná-Paraguay and Amazon River basins (1992) Zoologica Scripta, 21, pp. 197-200Giaretta, A.A., Sawaya, R.J., Second species of Psyllophryne (Anura: Brachycephalidae) (1998) Copeia, 1998, pp. 985-987Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L., Nelson, C.E., Frogs of Boracéia (1990) Arquivos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 31, pp. 231-1110Izecksohn, E., Novo gênero e nova espécie de Brachycephalidae do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (1971) Boletim Do Museu Nacional (Zoologia), 280, pp. 1-12Kkzanowski, W.J., (1989) Principles of Multivariate Analysis: A User's Perspective, , Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.KKrzanowski, W.J., Radley, D., Nonparametric confidence and tolerance regions in canonical variate analysis (1989) Biometrics, 45, pp. 1163-1173Lynch, J.D., Duellman, W.E., Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador: Systematics, ecology, and biogeography (1997) The University of Kansas, Natural History Museum, Special Publication, 23, pp. 1-236Miranda-Ribeiro, A., Os brachycephalideos do Museu Paulista (1920) Revistado Museu Paulista, 12, pp. 306-318Pombal Jr., J.P., A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil (2001) Amphibia-Reptilia, 22, pp. 179-185Oviposição e desenvolvimento de Brachycephalus ephippium (Spix) (Anura, Brachycephalidae) (1999) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16, pp. 967-976Pombal Jr., J.P., Wistuba, E.M., Bornschein, M.R., A new species of Brachycephalid (Anura) from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil (1998) Journal of Herpetology, 32, pp. 70-74Reis, S.F., Duarte, L.C., Monteiro, L.R., Von Zuben, F.J., Geographic variation in cranial morphology in Thrichomys apereoides: I. Geometric descriptors and patterns of variation in shape (2002) Journal of Mammalogy, 83, pp. 333-344Geographic variation in cranial morphology in Thrichomys apereoides: II. Geographic units, morphological discontinuities, and sampling gaps (2002) Journal of Mammalogy, 83, pp. 345-353Ribeiro, L.F., Alves, A.C.R., Haddad, C.F.B., Reis, S.F., Two new species of Brachycephalus from Paraná State, southern Brazil (Anura, Brachycephalidae) (2005) Boletim do Museu Nacional (Zoologia), 519, pp. 1-18Ringrose, T.J., Bootstrapping and correspondence analysis in arachaelogy (1992) Journal of Archeological Science, 19, pp. 615-629Alternative confidence regions for canonical variate analysis (1996) Biometrika, 83, pp. 575-587Ringrose, T.J., Krzanowski, W.J., Simulation study of confidence regions for canonical variate analysis (1991) Statistics and Computing, 1, pp. 41-116Rohlf, F.J., Loy, A., Corti, M., Morphometric analysis of Old World Talpidae (Mammalia, Insectivora) using partial-warp scores (1996) Systematic Biology, 45, pp. 344-362Smithe, F.B., (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide, , American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, U.S.ATaylor, W., Van Dyke, G.C., Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bones and cartilage study (1985) Cybium, 9, pp. 107-119Von Zuben, F.J., Duarte, L.C., Stangenhaus, G., Pessôa, L.M., Reis, S.F., Bootstrap confidence regions for canonical variates: Application to studies of evolutionary differentiation (1998) Biometrical Journal, 40, pp. 327-339Yeh, J., The effect of miniaturized body size on skeletal morphology in frogs (2002) Evolution, 56, pp. 628-64
Automation of optimization synthesis for modular technological equipment
Technological equipment design based on functionally modular methods is widely used in various
technical fields. The designed object can be a technological machine, a production line, or a manufacturing complex.
Special attention is paid to the optimization of its structure. The sequence of performing all stages of the optimization
synthesis problem is presented in the article. To find a solution to this task, the developer should apply the complete or
directed search of acceptable structure options and determine the best one using some optimization criteria to evaluate
their quality. It can be simple enough if the designed technical system structure consists of no more than several
elements. For example, if the number of alternative elements options is several dozen, it takes much time to accomplish
the search correctly. Thus, the greater the number of components considered, the more difficult it is to do all the
necessary calculations manually. In this case, machine resources should be involved. This scientific work aims to
identify procedures of optimization synthesis that can be automated. Also, appropriate software has to be developed.
Our computer program is based on the algorithm of a complete search of all options of the technical system structure.
It can process an extensive array of input data and produce all possible and logically permissible results in the form the
designer can analyze using the Pareto method to choose the best one. This software can be used for any technical system
with a modular structure
Microbiota of Deciduous Endodontic Infections Analyzed by MDA and Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization
Aims To evaluate the microbiota of endodontic infections in deciduous teeth by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization after uniform amplification of DNA in samples by multiple displacement amplification (MDA). Methodology Forty samples from the root canal system of deciduous teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis with or without radiographically detectable periradicular/interadicular bone resorption were collected and 32 were analyzed, with 3 individuals contributing 2 samples; these were MDA- amplified and analyzed by Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for levels of 83 bacterial taxa. Two outcome measures were used: the percentage of teeth colonized by each species; and the mean proportion of each bacterial taxon present across all samples were computed. Results The mean amount of DNA in the samples prior to amplification was 5.2 (± 4.7) ng and 6.1 (± 2.3) μg after MDA. The mean number of species detected per sample was 19 (± 4) (range: 3–66) to the nearest whole number. The most prevalent taxa were Prevotella intermedia (96.9%), Neisseria mucosa (65.6%), Prevotella nigrescens (56.2%) and Tannerella forsythia (56.2%). Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus and Helicobacter pylori were not detected. P. intermedia (10%), Prevotella tannerae (7%) and Prevotella nigrescens (4.3%) presented the highest mean proportions of the target species averaged across the positive samples. Conclusion Root canals of infected deciduous teeth had a diverse bacterial population. Prevotella sp were commonly found with P. intermedia, Prevotella tannerae and Prevotella nigrescens among the most prominent species detected
Effortless attention as a biomarker for experienced mindfulness practitioners
Objective: The present study aimed at comparing frontal beta power between long-term (LTM) and first-time meditators (FTM), before, during and after a meditation session. We hypothesized that LTM would present lower beta power than FTM due to lower effort of attention and awareness. Methods: Twenty one participants were recruited, eleven of whom were long-term meditators. The subjects were asked to rest for 4 minutes before and after open monitoring (OM) meditation (40 minutes). Results: The two-way ANOVA revealed an interaction between the group and moment factors for the Fp1 (p<0.01), F7 (p = 0.01), F3 (p<0.01), Fz (p<0.01), F4 (p<0.01), F8 (p<0.01) electrodes. Conclusion: We found low power frontal beta activity for LTM during the task and this may be associated with the fact that OM is related to bottom-up pathways that are not present in FTM. Significance: We hypothesized that the frontal beta power pattern may be a biomarker for LTM. It may also be related to improving an attentive state and to the efficiency of cognitive functions, as well as to the long-term experience with meditation (i.e., life-time experience and frequency of practice)
Atomic detail visualization of photosynthetic membranes with GPU-accelerated ray tracing
The cellular process responsible for providing energy for most life on Earth, namely, photosynthetic light-harvesting, requires the cooperation of hundreds of proteins across an organelle, involving length and time scales spanning several orders of magnitude over quantum and classical regimes. Simulation and visualization of this fundamental energy conversion process pose many unique methodological and computational challenges. We present, in two accompanying movies, light-harvesting in the photosynthetic apparatus found in purple bacteria, the so-called chromatophore. The movies are the culmination of three decades of modeling efforts, featuring the collaboration of theoretical, experimental, and computational scientists. We describe the techniques that were used to build, simulate, analyze, and visualize the structures shown in the movies, and we highlight cases where scientific needs spurred the development of new parallel algorithms that efficiently harness GPU accelerators and petascale computers
Black hole thermodynamical entropy
As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function
diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs
(BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results,
physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has
accumulated that the BG entropy of a black hole is
proportional to its area ( being a characteristic linear length), and
not to its volume . Similarly it exists the \emph{area law}, so named
because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled -dimensional
systems, is proportional to if , and to if
, instead of being proportional to (). These results
violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a -dimensional
system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the
thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is \emph{not} to be
identified with the BG {\it additive} entropy but with appropriately
generalized {\it nonadditive} entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of
the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic
correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be
assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy
which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the
thermodynamic puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ
Soliton back-action evading measurement using spectral filtering
We report on a back-action evading (BAE) measurement of the photon number of
fiber optical solitons operating in the quantum regime. We employ a novel
detection scheme based on spectral filtering of colliding optical solitons. The
measurements of the BAE criteria demonstrate significant quantum state
preparation and transfer of the input signal to the signal and probe outputs
exiting the apparatus, displaying the quantum-nondemolition (QND) behavior of
the experiment.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
The Psychedelic State Induced By Ayahuasca Modulates The Activity And Connectivity Of The Default Mode Network
The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition induced by this class of drugs. A remarkable increase in introspection is at the core of these altered states of consciousness. Self-oriented mental activity has been consistently linked to the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regionsmore active during rest than during the execution of a goal-directed task. Here we used fMRI technique to inspect the DMN during the psychedelic state induced by Ayahuasca in ten experienced subjects. Ayahuasca is a potion traditionally used by Amazonian Amerindians composed by a mixture of compounds that increase monoaminergic transmission. In particular, we examined whether Ayahuasca changes the activity and connectivity of the DMN and the connection between the DMN and the task-positive network (TPN). Ayahuasca caused a significant decrease in activity throughmost parts of the DMN, including its most consistent hubs: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)/Precuneus and the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Functional connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca intake. No significant change was observed in the DMN-TPN orthogonality. Altogether, our results support the notion that the altered state of consciousness induced by Ayahuasca, like those induced by psilocybin (another serotonergic psychedelic), meditation and sleep, is linked to the modulation of the activity and the connectivity of the DMN.102Watts, A., Psychedelics and religious experience (1968) California Law Review, 56, pp. 74-85Shanon, B., (2002) The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience, 6, p. 475. , OxfordNew York: Oxford University PressDos Santos, R.G., Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M.R., Bouso, J.C., Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses (2012) Psychopharmacology, 219, pp. 1039-1053. , PMID: 21842159Callaway, J.C., McKenna, D.J., Grob, C.S., Brito, G.S., Raymon, L.P., Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans (1999) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65, pp. 243-256. , PMID: 10404423Fontanilla, D., Johannessen, M., Hajipour, A.R., Cozzi, N.V., Jackson, M.B., The hallucinogen N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator (2009) Science, 323, pp. 934-937. , PMID: 19213917Mckenna, D.J., Towers, G.H.N., Abbott, F., Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors in South-American hallucinogenic plants-tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca (1984) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10, pp. 195-223. , PMID: 6587171De Araujo, D.B., Ribeiro, S., Cecchi, G.A., Carvalho, F.M., Sanchez, T.A., Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion (2012) Human Brain MappingRiba, J., Valle, M., Urbano, G., Yritia, M., Morte, A., Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: Subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics (2003) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 306, pp. 73-83. , PMID: 12660312Riba, J., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers (2001) Psychopharmacology, 154, pp. 85-95. , PMID: 11292011Bouso, J.C., Fabregas, J.M., Antonijoan, R.M., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Riba, J., Acute effects of ayahuasca on neuropsychological performance: Differences in executive function between experienced and occasional users (2013) Psychopharmacology, 230, pp. 415-424. , PMID: 23793226Riba, J., Romero, S., Grasa, E., Mena, E., Carrio, I., Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant (2006) Psychopharmacology, 186, pp. 93-98. , PMID: 16575552Sheline, Y.I., Barch, D.M., Price, J.L., Rundle, M.M., Vaishnavi, S.N., The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, pp. 1942-1947. , PMID: 19171889Sood, A., Jones, D.T., On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation (2013) Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 9, pp. 136-141. , PMID: 23643368Buckner, R.L., Andrews-Hanna, J.R., Schacter, D.L., The brain's default network. 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A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self (2006) Neuroimage, 31, pp. 440-457. , PMID: 16466680Garrity, A.G., Pearlson, G.D., McKiernan, K., Lloyd, D., Kiehl, K.A., Aberrant "default mode" functional connectivity in schizophrenia (2007) American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, pp. 450-457. , PMID: 17329470Van Eimeren, T., Monchi, O., Ballanger, B., Strafella, A.P., Dysfunction of the default mode network in parkinson disease a functional magnetic resonance imaging study (2009) Archives of Neurology, 66, pp. 877-883. , PMID: 19597090Gentili, C., Del Carlo, A., Cetani, F., Pratali, S., Pennato, T., Default mode network activity differs between patients with Social Phobia and helathy controls (2009) Psychology & Health, 24, pp. 181-181. , PMID: 25622306Bossong, M.G., Jansma, J.M., Van Hell, H.H., Jager, G., Kahn, R.S., Default mode network in the effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on human executive function (2013) PLoS One, 8, p. e70074. , PMID: 23936144Kennedy, D.P., Courchesne, E., Functional abnormalities of the default network during self- and other-reflection in autism (2008) Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, pp. 177-190. , PMID: 19015108Greicius, M.D., Srivastava, G., Reiss, A.L., Menon, V., Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: Evidence from functional MRI (2004) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, pp. 4637-4642. , PMID: 15070770McGeown, W.J., Mazzoni, G., Venneri, A., Kirsch, I., Hypnotic induction decreases anterior default mode activity (2009) Consciousness and Cognition, 18, pp. 848-855. , PMID: 19782614Smith, S.M., The future of FMRI connectivity (2012) Neuroimage, 62, pp. 1257-1266. , PMID: 22248579Jang, J.H., Jung, W.H., Kang, D.-H., Byun, M.S., Kwon, S.J., Increased default mode network connectivity associated with meditation (2011) Neuroscience Letters, 487, pp. 358-362. , PMID: 21034792Greicius, M.D., Kiviniemi, V., Tervonen, O., Vainionpaa, V., Alahuhta, S., Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation (2008) Human Brain Mapping, 29, pp. 839-847. , PMID: 18219620Horovitz, S.G., Braun, A.R., Carr, W.S., Picchioni, D., Balkin, T.J., Decoupling of the brain's default mode network during deep sleep (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, pp. 11376-11381. , PMID: 19549821Schrouff, J., Perlbarg, V., Boly, M., Marrelec, G., Boveroux, P., Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness (2011) Neuroimage, 57, pp. 198-205. , PMID: 21524704Carhart-Harris, R.L., Leech, R., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T.M., Stone, J.M., Functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis (2012) Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, pp. 1343-1351. , PMID: 23044373Fox, M.D., Snyder, A.Z., Vincent, J.L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D.C., The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks (2005) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, pp. 9673-9678. , PMID: 15976020Uddin, L.Q., Kelly, A.M., Biswal, B.B., Castellanos, F.X., Milham, M.P., Functional connectivity of default mode network components: Correlation, anticorrelation, and causality (2009) Human Brain Mapping, 30, pp. 625-637. , PMID: 18219617Kriegeskorte, N., Simmons, W.K., Bellgowan, P.S.F., Baker, C.I., Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: The dangers of double dipping (2009) Nature Neuroscience, 12, p. 540Laird, A.R., Eickhoff, S.B., Li, K., Robin, D.A., Glahn, D.C., Investigating the functional heterogeneity of the default mode network using coordinate-based meta-analytic modeling (2009) Journal of Neuroscience, 29, pp. 14496-14505. , PMID: 19923283Song, X.-W., Dong, Z.-Y., Long, X.-Y., Li, S.-F., Zuo, X.-N., REST: A toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing (2011) Plos One, 6, p. e25031. , PMID: 21949842Murphy, K., Birn, R.M., Handwerker, D.A., Jones, T.B., Bandettini, P.A., The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: Are anti-correlated networks introduced? 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