Two New Species Of Brachycephalus (anura: Brachycephalidae) From The Atlantic Forest In Paraná State, Southern Brazil

Two new species of brachycephalid frogs are described from Pico Marumbi, municipality of Morretes, and Pico da Igreja, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná State, southern Brazil. The new species share the following attributes: body bufoniform; skin on top of the head, and central part of the back body smooth with no dermal co-ossification; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; dermal roofing bones of skull unornamented; all paired cranial bones distinct and not fused; quadratojugals, and maxillary odontoids present. The new species from Pico Marumbi is characterized by male SVL = 11.6-12.5 and female SVL = 13.0-14.5 mm; and general color orange with dorsal reddish-brown irregular markings, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish spots and small dots. The new species from Pico da Igreja is characterized by male SVL = 12.6-13.9 and female SVL = 14.6-15.3 mm; and general color orange, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish coalescent spots and small dots. Comparisons with other brachycephalid species and osteological data are provided. © 2006 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc.622221233Austin, J.D., Lougheed, S.C., Tanner, K., Chek, A.A., Bogart, J.P., Boag, P.T., A molecular perspective on the evolutionary affinities of an enigmatic neotropical frog, Allophryne ruthveni (2002) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, pp. 335-346Duarte, L.C., Monteiro, L.R., Von Zuben, F.J., Dos Reis, S.F., Variation in mandible shape in Thrichomys apereoides (Mammalia: Rodentia): Geometric analysis of a complex morphological structure (2000) Systematic Biology, 49, pp. 563-578Frost, D.R., (2004) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. 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Geographic units, morphological discontinuities, and sampling gaps (2002) Journal of Mammalogy, 83, pp. 345-353Ribeiro, L.F., Alves, A.C.R., Haddad, C.F.B., Reis, S.F., Two new species of Brachycephalus from Paraná State, southern Brazil (Anura, Brachycephalidae) (2005) Boletim do Museu Nacional (Zoologia), 519, pp. 1-18Ringrose, T.J., Bootstrapping and correspondence analysis in arachaelogy (1992) Journal of Archeological Science, 19, pp. 615-629Alternative confidence regions for canonical variate analysis (1996) Biometrika, 83, pp. 575-587Ringrose, T.J., Krzanowski, W.J., Simulation study of confidence regions for canonical variate analysis (1991) Statistics and Computing, 1, pp. 41-116Rohlf, F.J., Loy, A., Corti, M., Morphometric analysis of Old World Talpidae (Mammalia, Insectivora) using partial-warp scores (1996) Systematic Biology, 45, pp. 344-362Smithe, F.B., (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide, , American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, U.S.ATaylor, W., Van Dyke, G.C., Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bones and cartilage study (1985) Cybium, 9, pp. 107-119Von Zuben, F.J., Duarte, L.C., Stangenhaus, G., Pessôa, L.M., Reis, S.F., Bootstrap confidence regions for canonical variates: Application to studies of evolutionary differentiation (1998) Biometrical Journal, 40, pp. 327-339Yeh, J., The effect of miniaturized body size on skeletal morphology in frogs (2002) Evolution, 56, pp. 628-64

Automation of optimization synthesis for modular technological equipment

Technological equipment design based on functionally modular methods is widely used in various technical fields. The designed object can be a technological machine, a production line, or a manufacturing complex. Special attention is paid to the optimization of its structure. The sequence of performing all stages of the optimization synthesis problem is presented in the article. To find a solution to this task, the developer should apply the complete or directed search of acceptable structure options and determine the best one using some optimization criteria to evaluate their quality. It can be simple enough if the designed technical system structure consists of no more than several elements. For example, if the number of alternative elements options is several dozen, it takes much time to accomplish the search correctly. Thus, the greater the number of components considered, the more difficult it is to do all the necessary calculations manually. In this case, machine resources should be involved. This scientific work aims to identify procedures of optimization synthesis that can be automated. Also, appropriate software has to be developed. Our computer program is based on the algorithm of a complete search of all options of the technical system structure. It can process an extensive array of input data and produce all possible and logically permissible results in the form the designer can analyze using the Pareto method to choose the best one. This software can be used for any technical system with a modular structure

Microbiota of Deciduous Endodontic Infections Analyzed by MDA and Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization

Aims To evaluate the microbiota of endodontic infections in deciduous teeth by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization after uniform amplification of DNA in samples by multiple displacement amplification (MDA). Methodology Forty samples from the root canal system of deciduous teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis with or without radiographically detectable periradicular/interadicular bone resorption were collected and 32 were analyzed, with 3 individuals contributing 2 samples; these were MDA- amplified and analyzed by Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for levels of 83 bacterial taxa. Two outcome measures were used: the percentage of teeth colonized by each species; and the mean proportion of each bacterial taxon present across all samples were computed. Results The mean amount of DNA in the samples prior to amplification was 5.2 (± 4.7) ng and 6.1 (± 2.3) μg after MDA. The mean number of species detected per sample was 19 (± 4) (range: 3–66) to the nearest whole number. The most prevalent taxa were Prevotella intermedia (96.9%), Neisseria mucosa (65.6%), Prevotella nigrescens (56.2%) and Tannerella forsythia (56.2%). Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus and Helicobacter pylori were not detected. P. intermedia (10%), Prevotella tannerae (7%) and Prevotella nigrescens (4.3%) presented the highest mean proportions of the target species averaged across the positive samples. Conclusion Root canals of infected deciduous teeth had a diverse bacterial population. Prevotella sp were commonly found with P. intermedia, Prevotella tannerae and Prevotella nigrescens among the most prominent species detected

Effortless attention as a biomarker for experienced mindfulness practitioners

Objective: The present study aimed at comparing frontal beta power between long-term (LTM) and first-time meditators (FTM), before, during and after a meditation session. We hypothesized that LTM would present lower beta power than FTM due to lower effort of attention and awareness. Methods: Twenty one participants were recruited, eleven of whom were long-term meditators. The subjects were asked to rest for 4 minutes before and after open monitoring (OM) meditation (40 minutes). Results: The two-way ANOVA revealed an interaction between the group and moment factors for the Fp1 (p<0.01), F7 (p = 0.01), F3 (p<0.01), Fz (p<0.01), F4 (p<0.01), F8 (p<0.01) electrodes. Conclusion: We found low power frontal beta activity for LTM during the task and this may be associated with the fact that OM is related to bottom-up pathways that are not present in FTM. Significance: We hypothesized that the frontal beta power pattern may be a biomarker for LTM. It may also be related to improving an attentive state and to the efficiency of cognitive functions, as well as to the long-term experience with meditation (i.e., life-time experience and frequency of practice)

Atomic detail visualization of photosynthetic membranes with GPU-accelerated ray tracing

The cellular process responsible for providing energy for most life on Earth, namely, photosynthetic light-harvesting, requires the cooperation of hundreds of proteins across an organelle, involving length and time scales spanning several orders of magnitude over quantum and classical regimes. Simulation and visualization of this fundamental energy conversion process pose many unique methodological and computational challenges. We present, in two accompanying movies, light-harvesting in the photosynthetic apparatus found in purple bacteria, the so-called chromatophore. The movies are the culmination of three decades of modeling efforts, featuring the collaboration of theoretical, experimental, and computational scientists. We describe the techniques that were used to build, simulate, analyze, and visualize the structures shown in the movies, and we highlight cases where scientific needs spurred the development of new parallel algorithms that efficiently harness GPU accelerators and petascale computers

Black hole thermodynamical entropy

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results, physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has accumulated that the BG entropy $S_{BG}$ of a $(3+1)$ black hole is proportional to its area $L^2$ ($L$ being a characteristic linear length), and not to its volume $L^3$. Similarly it exists the \emph{area law}, so named because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled $d$-dimensional systems, $S_{BG}$ is proportional to $\ln L$ if $d=1$, and to $L^{d-1}$ if $d>1$, instead of being proportional to $L^d$ ($d \ge 1$). These results violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a $d$-dimensional system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is \emph{not} to be identified with the BG {\it additive} entropy but with appropriately generalized {\it nonadditive} entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the thermodynamic puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Soliton back-action evading measurement using spectral filtering

We report on a back-action evading (BAE) measurement of the photon number of fiber optical solitons operating in the quantum regime. We employ a novel detection scheme based on spectral filtering of colliding optical solitons. The measurements of the BAE criteria demonstrate significant quantum state preparation and transfer of the input signal to the signal and probe outputs exiting the apparatus, displaying the quantum-nondemolition (QND) behavior of the experiment.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

The Psychedelic State Induced By Ayahuasca Modulates The Activity And Connectivity Of The Default Mode Network

The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition induced by this class of drugs. A remarkable increase in introspection is at the core of these altered states of consciousness. Self-oriented mental activity has been consistently linked to the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regionsmore active during rest than during the execution of a goal-directed task. Here we used fMRI technique to inspect the DMN during the psychedelic state induced by Ayahuasca in ten experienced subjects. Ayahuasca is a potion traditionally used by Amazonian Amerindians composed by a mixture of compounds that increase monoaminergic transmission. In particular, we examined whether Ayahuasca changes the activity and connectivity of the DMN and the connection between the DMN and the task-positive network (TPN). Ayahuasca caused a significant decrease in activity throughmost parts of the DMN, including its most consistent hubs: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)/Precuneus and the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Functional connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca intake. No significant change was observed in the DMN-TPN orthogonality. Altogether, our results support the notion that the altered state of consciousness induced by Ayahuasca, like those induced by psilocybin (another serotonergic psychedelic), meditation and sleep, is linked to the modulation of the activity and the connectivity of the DMN.102Watts, A., Psychedelics and religious experience (1968) California Law Review, 56, pp. 74-85Shanon, B., (2002) The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience, 6, p. 475. , OxfordNew York: Oxford University PressDos Santos, R.G., Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M.R., Bouso, J.C., Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses (2012) Psychopharmacology, 219, pp. 1039-1053. , PMID: 21842159Callaway, J.C., McKenna, D.J., Grob, C.S., Brito, G.S., Raymon, L.P., Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans (1999) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65, pp. 243-256. , PMID: 10404423Fontanilla, D., Johannessen, M., Hajipour, A.R., Cozzi, N.V., Jackson, M.B., The hallucinogen N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator (2009) Science, 323, pp. 934-937. , PMID: 19213917Mckenna, D.J., Towers, G.H.N., Abbott, F., Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors in South-American hallucinogenic plants-tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca (1984) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10, pp. 195-223. , PMID: 6587171De Araujo, D.B., Ribeiro, S., Cecchi, G.A., Carvalho, F.M., Sanchez, T.A., Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion (2012) Human Brain MappingRiba, J., Valle, M., Urbano, G., Yritia, M., Morte, A., Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: Subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics (2003) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 306, pp. 73-83. , PMID: 12660312Riba, J., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers (2001) Psychopharmacology, 154, pp. 85-95. , PMID: 11292011Bouso, J.C., Fabregas, J.M., Antonijoan, R.M., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Riba, J., Acute effects of ayahuasca on neuropsychological performance: Differences in executive function between experienced and occasional users (2013) Psychopharmacology, 230, pp. 415-424. , PMID: 23793226Riba, J., Romero, S., Grasa, E., Mena, E., Carrio, I., Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant (2006) Psychopharmacology, 186, pp. 93-98. , PMID: 16575552Sheline, Y.I., Barch, D.M., Price, J.L., Rundle, M.M., Vaishnavi, S.N., The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, pp. 1942-1947. , PMID: 19171889Sood, A., Jones, D.T., On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation (2013) Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 9, pp. 136-141. , PMID: 23643368Buckner, R.L., Andrews-Hanna, J.R., Schacter, D.L., The brain's default network. 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