Morphological and microstructural characterization of laser-glazedplasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Laser glazing has been revealing a high potential for the improvement of plasma-sprayed (PS) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by reducing surface roughness, eliminating open porosity on the surface and generating a controlled segmented crack network, although the relationship of the processing parameters with the resultant properties has not yet been completely established. In this investigation, TBCs consisting of atmospheric plasma-sprayed (APS) ZrO2–8wt.%Y2O3 were subjected to a CO2 continuous wave laser-glazing process in order to seal its surface porosity, generating an external dense layer. For that purpose, different amounts of radiation resulting from different scanning speeds were applied to the specimens as well as different track overlapping. Results have shown a significant decrease of the surface roughness after the laser treatment. All specimens presented a fully dense and porous free external layer with a polyfaceted columnar microstructure highly adherent to the plasma-sprayed coating. Controlled surface crack networks, extremely dependent on the laser scanning speed and track overlapping, were achieved for each set of processing parameters. The cracks were found to have a tendency to be oriented in two perpendicular directions, one in the direction of the laser-beam travel direction, the other perpendicular to it. Moreover, the cracks parallel to the beam travel direction are found to be on the overlapping zone, coinciding with the edge of the subsequent track. The cracks are perpendicular to the surface along the densified layer and tend to branch and deviate from the vertical direction below it, within the porous PS coating. XRD results revealed mainly tV nontransformable tetragonal zirconia with a small percentage of residual monoclinic zirconia for the as-sprayed coating. All glazed coatings presented only tV nontransformable tetragonal zirconia with some variations on preferable crystal orientation. Grain sizes varied from 26 to 52 nm, increasing with an increase of laserirradiated energy; microstrain behaved inversely.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Project POCTI/CTM/44590/2002.União Europeia (UE). Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)

Impact of the L-arginine-Nitric Oxide Pathway and Oxidative Stress on the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome

The discovery of the physiological roles of nitric oxide has revolutionized the understanding of regulation of vascular tone, platelet adhesion and aggregation, and immune activation. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of nitric oxide (NO) is that it is a gas that, in the absence of receptors, can regulate both normal physiological events and mediate cytotoxicity under pathological conditions. NO is produced from L-arginine by NO synthases (NOS), yielding L-citrulline and NO. The regulation of L-arginine pathway activity occurs at the level of NO production. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidemia, a common basis of cardiovascular disease. It occurs in genetically susceptible individuals with environmental influences and has serious economic and social consequences. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies should be individualized and targeted to normalize its alterations of blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose values. Despite the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the last decades, there has been little progress in the understanding of the precise mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome and its complications. Emerging evidence is available that NO, inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the physiopathology of this syndrome. This review summarizes and evaluates the participation of the L-arginine-NO pathway and oxidative stress in the physiopathology of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events at the systemic level, as well as the effects of exercise on this syndrome

Pulsed Direct And Constant Direct Currents In The Pilocarpine Iontophoresis Sweat Chloride Test

Background: The classic sweat test (CST) is the golden standard for cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis. Then, our aim was compare the production and volume of sweat, and side effects caused by pulsed direct current (PDC) and constant direct current (CDC). To determine the optimal stimulation time (ST) for the sweat collection. To verify the PDC as CF diagnosis option. Methods: Prospective study with cross-sectional experimental intervention. Experiment 1 (right arm): PDC and CDC. ST at 10 min and sweat collected at 30 min. Currents of 0.5; 0.75; 1.0 and 1.5 mA and frequencies of 0, 200, 1,000 and 5,000 Hz applied. Experiment 2 (left arm): current of 1.0 mA, ST at 5 and 10 min and sweat collected at 15 and 30 min with frequencies of 0; 200; 1,000 and 5,000 Hz applied Experiments 1 and 2 were performed with current density (CD) from 0.07 to 0.21 mA/cm2. Experiment 3: PDC was used in typical CF patients with two CFTR mutations screened and or with CF diagnosis by rectal biopsy and patients with atypical CF. Results: 48 subjects (79.16% female) with average of 29.54 ± 8.87 years old were enrolled. There was no statistical difference between the interaction of frequency and current in the sweat weight (p = 0.7488). Individually, positive association was achieved between weight sweat and stimulation frequency (p = 0.0088); and current (p = 0.0025). The sweat production was higher for 10 min of stimulation (p = 0.0023). The sweat collection was better for 30 min (p = 0.0019). The skin impedance was not influenced by ST and sweat collection (p > 0.05). The current frequency was inversely associated with the skin impedance (p < 0.0001). The skin temperature measured before stimulation was higher than after (p < 0.0001). In Experiment 3 (29 subjects) the PDC showed better kappa index compared to CDC (0.9218 versus 0.5205, respectively). 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Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Avanços recentes em nutrição de larvas de peixes

Os requisitos nutricionais de larvas de peixes são ainda mal compreendidos, o que leva a altas mortalidades e problemas de qualidade no seu cultivo. Este trabalho pretende fazer uma revisão de novas metodologias de investigação, tais como estudos com marcadores, genómica populacional, programação nutricional, génomica e proteómica funcionais, e fornecer ainda alguns exemplos das utilizações presentes e perspectivas futuras em estudos de nutrição de larvas de peixes

Effects of Enteral Fluid Therapy in Continuous Flow Administered by Nasogastric Tube in Buffalo Calves

To investigate the employment of enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow administered by a nasogastric tube in buffalo calves; toassesstheeffectsof a hypotonic and an isotonic electrolyte solutionon: vital functions, blood count and serum andurinary biochemistry profile of buffalo calves. Seven buffalo calves, clinically healthy, were submitted to two treatments. The solutions were administered in continuous flow through a nasogastric tube at a dose of 15 mL/kg/hr for 12 hours. The serum biochemistry profile showed an increase in chloride concentration, decrease in serumurea and osmolarity. In urine, anincrease in sodium and chloride concentrations and a decrease in calcium, creatinine and urea were observed. Enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow proved to beeasy to use and effective in maintaining volemia and concentration of electrolytes in buffalo calves

Embryonic dormancy in seeds of Bactris gasipaes Kunth (peach-palm)

Bactris gasipaes is a domesticated palm whose fruits are of great importance for the Amazonian people and whose heart of palm is also receiving economic interest in other brazilian and Latin America regions. The aim of this study was verify embryonic dormancy and its correlation with first cataphyll emergence in B. gasipaes seeds collected from four plants at Manaus city and four others at Coari city, both in the Amazonas state, Brazil. After extraction and cleaning, some of the seeds (4 replications of 25 per plant) were sown in a seedbed with a sawdust and sand mixture as substrate, and embryos (4 replications of 10 per plant), after extraction, were inoculated into half strength Murashige and Skoog cultures. Were used 100 seeds and 40 embryo per treatment. Whole seed and embryo germination varied between the different source plants and locations, with the greatest difference observed for the emergence of first cataphyll from seeds in the seedbed. For the most part of variables, results of seed and embryo were positively associated, namely, as one went up the other also, and vice versa. These results suggesting that, at least in part, seed dormancy in Bactris gasipaes is associated with embryonic dormancy. © 2017, Associacao Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes. All rights reserved

Geochronology, Petrology and Geochemistry of Intermediate and Mafic Rocks of Bornaward Plutonic Complex (Northwest Bardaskan, Iran)

The study area is located in the northeast of Iran (the Khorasan Razavi province) and 28 km northwest of Bardaskan city and in position of 57˚ 46΄ to 57˚ 52΄ latitude and 35˚ 21΄ to 35˚ 24΄ longitude. The study area is a part of Taknar zone. The Taknar geological-structural zone is situated in the north Central Iranian microcontinental and it is a part of Lut block (Fig.1). Taknar plutonic complex that is situated in the Taknar structural zone is located in the northern part of Iranian microcontinent. Chemical analysis of REE and minor elements of samples of the Bornaward diorites and gabbro’s took place in the ACME Lab. in Vancouver, Canada, by the ICP-MS method (Table. 1). For the Bornaward diorite dating by the U-Pb method, zircon grains of material remaining in the sieve, Bromoform were isolated from light minerals by cleaning and were isolated with a minimum size of 25 microns, and then studies took place in the Crohn's Laser Lab Arizona (Gehrels et al., 2008). Measurement of Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd isotopes and (143Nd/144Nd)i , (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios and ƐNd (T=552), ƐNd (T=0), ƐSr (T=552) and ƐSr (T=0) took place in radioisotope Laboratory, University of Aveiro in Portugal. Geology of study area The study area forms the central part of the Bornaward plutonic complex. This complex is a granitoid assemblage including granite, granodiorite, tonalite and granophyre. The central part has been formed by intermediate and basic intrusive rocks such as diorite, quartz diorite and gabbro units (Fig. 2). From the genetic point of view, the intermediate and mafic rocks of the Taknar plutonic complex does not have any relationship with granitoid rocks of this assemblage, and they are related to a similar magmatic phase but are separated from this granitoid assemblage. However, these mafic and intermediate units are older than granitic units at the rim of the complex that are called Bornaward granite. The main minerals in the diorite and quartz diorite rocks are plagioclase and hornblende and we can see biotite in the quartz dioritic rocks. Quartz exists as tiny grains and anhedral and in the matrix rock. The amount of Quartz in the quartz diorites is 5 to 20%. Plagioclases usually have normal zoning and are highly altered to sericite. Most of the plagioclases were saussuritized. Altered minerals resulted from plagioclase and hornblende are sericite, epidote, chlorite, zoisite and clinozoisite.The main minerals in the gabbro are pyroxene, hornblende, and fine grains plagioclase. Minor minerals in the rocks are apatite, magnetite and other opaque. The main texture of intermediate and mafic rocks in this assemblage is medium granular to coarse grain and especially in the intermediate rocks and gabbro rocks, we can see scattered poikilitic, intersertal, sub-ophitic and porphyroid texture. The area diorite and gabbro is located locate in Tholeiitic and Calc-alkaline series (Fig. 9). Shand index (Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)) is obtained under 1.1, in Metaluminous field (Fig. 7) and I-type granite field (Chappell and White, 2001). Based on the TAS diagram (Middlemost, 1985), all the diorite and gabbro samples are located in diorite, gabbro-diorite and gabbro-norite groups (Fig. 6). The diorite and gabbro show enrichment LREE and low ascending pattern ((La/Yb)N =1.40-6.12 and LaN =12.26-75.81). Measurement of U-Th-Pb isotopes of the Bornaward diorite zircons of BKCh-03 sample (Table 2) show that its age is related to 551.96±4.32 Ma ago (Upper Precambrian (Neoproterozoic) (Ediacaran). The (87Sr/86Sr)i and (143Nd/144Nd)i content of Bornaward diorite and gabbro rocks is located in the range of 0.7038 to 0.7135 and 0.51203 to 0.51214, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). It shows that the diorite and gabbro rocks can be affected by hydrothermal alteration because their (87Sr/86Sr)i is above (Fig. 16). The numeral amounts of ƐNd(T=552) of Bornaward diorite and gabbro are 2.0 to 4.0. The Bornaward diorite and gabbro rocks show a widespread enriched pattern of Rb, U, K, Pb, La and Th elements than chondrite, while Ba, Ti, Ta, Sr and Nb elements show reduction as a result of fractional crystallization (Fig. 11). The rocks of this complex are formed at the continental margin and VAG environment (Fig. 18) which is related to the subduction of the oceanic crust that exists between the Iranian microcontinent and the Afghan Block. This assemblage with age of Late Neoproterozoic is the result of extensive magmatism in the northern part of the Iranian microcontinent due to Katangahi orogeny event. The similar magmatism in the northern part of the Iranian microcontinent is existing as Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan volcanoplutonic belt. Based on the geochemical investigations, the magmatism of these rocks has been tholeiitic and calk-alkaline and have formed the coexistent rocks with I-type granites. Alumina saturation index for intermediate and mafic rocks of Bornaward complex is metalumina. These are medium-K rocks and enriched in the LILE such as Rb, Pb, U and Th while depleted of the Nb, Ti, Ta, Sr and Ba. Therefore, it shows that these rocks have resulted from the mixing by the lower crust. The low (87Sr/86Sr)i Bornaward diorite and gabbro rocks and the numeral amounts of Ɛ0Nd(present) of these rocks from -0.2 to 4.0 show that production of such intrusive masses can be attributed to the source of upper mantle or contaminated lower continental crust. Environment of formation of the intermediate and basic rocks of the Bornaward plutonic complex is active continental margin and volcanic arc environment.کمپلکس پلوتونیک برنورد واقع در زون ساختاري تکنار، در شمال خرد قاره ایران مرکزي و د ر 20 کیلومتري شما لغر ب شهرستان بردسکن قرار دارد. این مجموعه با سنی معادل اواخر پرکامبرین (نئوپروتروزوئیک)، نتیجه فعالیت ماگمایی وس یع شمال خرد قاره ایران مرکزي در اثر پدیده کوهزایی کاتانگاهی است. مشابه این ماگماتیسم در شمال خرد قاره ایران مرکزي بهصورت کمربند ولکانو- پلوتونیک خواف- کاشمر- بردسکن همچون گرانیتوئیدهاي کاشمر وجود دارد. این کمپلکس بزرگمقیاس در واقع مجموع هاي گرانیتوئید ي شامل سنگهاي گرانیت ی، گرانودیوری تی، تونالی تی و گرانوفی ري است که بخ ش مرکزي آن از ی ک گرو ه واحدهاي گابرویی، دیوریت ی و کوارتزدیوریتی تشکیلشده است. بافت اصلی این سن گهاي حدواسط و مافی ک، گرانولار متوسط تا درش تبلور اس ت و باف تهاي پورفیروئید بهویژه در سنگهاي حدواسط و بافتهاي پوئیکلیتیک و سابافیتیک در سن گهاي گابرویی ب هصورت پراکنده به چشم میخورد. کانی اصلی فرومنیزیندار سنگهاي مافیک و حدواسط، کانی هورنبلند است و در نمونههاي کوارتزدیوریتی، بیوتیت نیز دیده میشود. سنگهاي حدواسط و مافیک کمپلکس پلوتونیک برنورد از لحاظ ژنتیکی با سنگهاي گرانیتوئیدي این مجموعه ارتباطی مستقیم دارند. از لحاظ ارتباط صحرایی و بررسیهاي سنی چنین مشخص میشود که این واحدهاي مافیک و حدواسط نسبت به واحد گرانیتی و دیگر واحدهاي نفوذي اسیدي این کمپلکس قدیمیتر بوده و توسط این واحدها قطع شدهاند. 551 میلی ون /96 ±4/ سن این توده هاي نفوذي 32 ،U-Pb بر اساس سنسنجی دیوریتهاي منطقه برنورد با استفاده از کانی زیرکن بهروش سال قبل (اواخر پرکامبرین) بهدست آمده اس ت. بر پایه بررس یها ي ژئوشیمیایی، تحولات ماگمایی این سن گها از نوع تولئیتی و کالکآلکالن بوده و شاخص اشباع از آلومین این سنگها متاآلومین است. دیوریتها و گابروهاي برنورد از نوع پتاسیم متوسط بوده و از غنیشدگی نشان میدهند؛ در حالیکه عناصري Th بههمراه La, Rb, K, U, Pb لحاظ ویژگیهاي ژئوشیمیایی نسبت به عناصر ناسازگار تهیشدگی شاخصی را در مقایسه با کندریت ارائه میدهند. Nb, Ti, Ta, Sr, Ba مانند 0 بهدست آمده است. مقدار عددي نسبت / 0 تا 51214 / 143 ) دیوریتها و گابروهاي برنورد در گستره 51203 Nd/144Nd)i Sr)i 86 Sr/ 87 دیوریتها و گابروهاي ƐNd(T= 0 اندازهگیري شده است. مقدار عددي ( 552 / 0 تا 7135 / ) این تودههاي نفوذي در گستره 7038 Ɛ0Nd(present) 87 ) نمونههاي دیوریت و گابروهاي منطقه برنورد و مقادیر Sr/86Sr)i 4 بهدست آمده است. مقادیر پایین / 2 تا 0 / برنورد از 0 4 محاسبهشده است، نشاندهنده آن است که تولید چنین تودههاي نفوذي م یتواند به منبعی از گوشته / 0- تا 0 / این تودههاي نفوذي که 2 بالایی یا پوسته قارهاي زیرین تحت آلایش قرارگرفته شده، نسبتداده شود. محیط تشکیل این دسته از سن گهاي کمپلک س پلوتونیک برنورد، حاشیه فعال قاره و محیط کمان آتشفشانی 1 است که میتواند به فرورانش پوسته اقیانوسی موجود ب ین خرد قاره ایران مرکزي و بلوك افغان مرتبط باشد. واژههاي کلیدي: کمپلکس، سنسنجی، خرد قاره، ماگماتیسم، پرکامبرین، بردسکن، تکناpublishe