Efecto de la vista a color polimórfica y los carbohidratos solubles en la selección de frutos por el mono araña (Ateles geoffroyi)

Tesis (magister scientiae)--Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, 2003.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado::Ciencias Básicas::Maestría Académica en Biologí

Population and genetic structure of two dioecious timber species Virola surinamensis and Virola koschnyi (Myristicaceae) in southwestern Costa Rica

Selective logging regulations generally fail to account for sex ratios, sex size distribution, spatial patterns and genetic structure in dioecious timber species. Furthermore, sympatric congeneric dioecious tropical species are harvested under the same vernacular name, failing to account for potential variation in species population traits. This practice is expected to have deleterious consequences in the population density and reproduction of the least abundant species. Here we document density, sex ratios, sex size distribution, spatial patterns and genetic structure in two dioecious timber tree species, Virola surinamensis and V. koschnyi in southwestern Costa Rica. In addition, we assessed the probability that harvesting these two species under the same vernacular name will cause a significant decline in either sex density of the least abundant species, which is expected to unbalance sex ratios, therefore, reducing the reproductive potential of the species. In a 62 ha plot we tagged, geo-referenced and sampled for cambium tissue all adults of the two species (dbh > 30 cm) for genetic analyses. Microsatellites loci were used to describe genetic diversity parameters and spatial genetic structure. In a nuclear subplot (42 ha) we measured dbh and monitored sex expression during two reproductive events to describe population density, sex ratios, sex size distribution and spatial patterns. Adult density was twofold higher for V. surinamensis than V. koschnyi. The proportion of flowering males and females and diametric size distribution did not differ within species. Adults of both Virola species were spatially aggregated, but sexes were distributed randomly. We found a significant but weak spatial genetic structure for V. surinamensis, but not for V. koschnyi. Finally, there is a high probability (Multivariate hypergeometric distribution, p = 0.47) that harvesting these two species under the same vernacular name will cause a drastic decline in the density of male or female trees of V. koschnyi. Overall our results suggest that dioecy does not influence tree size or spatial distribution of these two timber species. The weak spatial genetic structure in V. surinamensis is likely due to clumped seed dispersal and absence of thinning during the recruitment of genetically related seeds to the adult stage. Harvesting these two species under the same vernacular name will have important consequences in the reproduction of V. koschnyi. We suggest that selective logging regulations for dioecious species should encourage appropriated species identification, ascertain the sex of reproductive individuals, harvest these species in proportion to their sex ratios and reduce the proportion of harvested individuals in the population.International Student Volunteers, Inc. (ISV)Consejo Nacional para investigaciones Científicas y Tecnología (CONICIT)Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MICIT)Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa RicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxicothe Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Plant diversity in the diet of Costa Rican primates in contrasting habitats: a meta-analysis

In human-modified tropical landscapes, the survival of arboreal vertebrates, particularly primates, depends on their plant dietary diversity. Here, we assessed diversity of plants included in the diet of Costa Rican non-human primates, CR-NHP (i.e. Alouatta palliata palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus imitator, and Saimiri oerstedii) inhabiting different habitat types across the country. Specifically, we assessed by analyzing 37 published and unpublished datasets: (i) richness and dietary -plant diversity, (ii) the β-diversity of dietary plant species and the relative importance of plant species turnover and nestedness contributing to these patterns, and (iii) the main ecological drivers of the observed patterns in dietary plant . Diet data were available for 33 Alouatta, 15 Cebus, 8 Ateles, and 5 Saimiri groups. Overall dietary plant species richness was higher in Alouatta (454 spp.), followed by Ateles (329 spp.), Cebus (237 spp.), and Saimiri (183 spp.). However, rarefaction curves showed that -diversity of plant species was higher in Ateles than in the other three primate species. The γ-diversity of plants was 868 species (range=1664-2041 species). The three most frequently reported food species for all CR-NHP were Spondias mombin, Bursera simaruba, and Samanea saman. In general, plant species turnover, rather than nestedness, explainedthe dissimilarity in plant diet diversity (βsim = 0.76) of CR_NHP. Finally, primate species, habitat type (life zone and disturbance level) and, to a lesser degree, sampling effort were the best predictors of the dietary plant assemblages. Our findings suggest that CR-NHPdiets were diverse, even in severely-disturbed habitats.Universidad de Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos (LEBI)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de BiologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET)UCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede de Occidente::Recinto San RamónUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Antropologí

Association between the 2018 WCRF/AICR and the low-risk lifestyle scores with colorectal cancer risk in the Predimed Study

Limited longitudinal studies have been conducted to evaluate colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence based on the updated 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations or other global lifestyle indices, and none in aged populations at high cardiovascular risk. We aimed to assess the association between CRC incidence and adherence to two emerging lifestyles indices (2018 WCRF/AICR score and another low-risk lifestyle (LRL) score comprising smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and body mass index) in the Spanish PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea (PREDIMED) cohort. We studied 7216 elderly men and women at high cardiovascular risk. The 2018 WCRF/AICR and LRL scores were calculated. Multivariable Cox proportional regression models were fitted to estimate the HRs (hazard ratios) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident CRC events. During a median interquartile range (IQR) follow-up of 6.0 (4.4-7.3) years, 97 CRC events were considered. A significant linear association was observed between each 1-point increment in the WCRF/AICR score (score range from 0 to 7) and CRC risk (HR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.63-0.99)). Similarly, each 1-point increment in the LRL score (score range from 0 to 5) was associated with a 22% reduction in CRC risk (0.78 (0.64-0.96)). Adhering to emergent lifestyle scores might substantially reduce CRC incidence in elderly individuals. Further longitudinal studies, which take different lifestyle indexes into account, are warranted in the future.The Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) is an initiative of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) which is funded by FEDER “A way to make Europe”/”Investing in your future” (CB06/03). It is supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII, through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140 and RD 06/0045) through CIBEROBN, and by grants from the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria–Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PI04–2239, PI05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, and PI11/02505; PI13/00462), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL-2009–13906-C02 and AGL2010–22319-C03), Fundación Mapfre 2010, Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0105/2007), Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO17/2017), and the Navarra Regional Government (27/2011). The Fundación Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero and Hojiblanca SA (Málaga, Spain), California Walnut Commission (Sacramento, CA), Borges SA (Reus, Spain), and Morella Nuts SA (Reus, Spain) donated the olive oil, walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts, respectively, used in the study. J. Salas-Salvadó, the senior author/gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program. Dr. P.H.-A. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship (Juan de la Cierva-Formación, FJCI-2017-32205). L. Barrubés has been awarded a grant by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (FPU 16/00165). M.M.-G. was the recipient of the Nicolas Monardes Programme from the “Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía”, Spain (RC-0001-2018 and C-0029-2023). None of the funding sources played a role in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Dietary polyphenol intake is associated with HDL-cholesterol and a better profile of other components of the metabolic syndrome: a PREDIMED-Plus sub-study

Dietary polyphenol intake is associated with improvement of metabolic disturbances. The aims of the present study are to describe dietary polyphenol intake in a population with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to examine the association between polyphenol intake and the components of MetS. This cross-sectional analysis involved 6633 men and women included in the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterranea-Plus) study. The polyphenol content of foods was estimated from the Phenol-Explorer 3.6 database. The mean of total polyphenol intake was 846 ± 318 mg/day. Except for stilbenes, women had higher polyphenol intake than men. Total polyphenol intake was higher in older participants (>70 years of age) compared to their younger counterparts. Participants with body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m2 reported lower total polyphenol, flavonoid, and stilbene intake than those with lower BMI. Total polyphenol intake was not associated with a better profile concerning MetS components, except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), although stilbenes, lignans, and other polyphenols showed an inverse association with blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides. A direct association with HDL-c was found for all subclasses except lignans and phenolic acids. To conclude, in participants with MetS, higher intake of several polyphenol subclasses was associated with a better profile of MetS components, especially HDL-c.The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by official Spanish institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (four coordinated FIS projects led by J.S.-S. and J.Vi., including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, and PI17/00926), the Special Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to J.S.-S., the Recercaixa grant to J.S.-S. (2013ACUP00194), a grant from the Fundació la Marató de TV3 (PI044003), grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, and PI0137/2018),grants from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/017, APOSTD/2019/136), a SEMERGEN grant, a CICYT grant provided by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (AGL2016-75329-R) and funds from the European Regional Development Fund (CB06/03). The Spanish Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities for the Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU17/00785) contract. Food companies Hojiblanca (Lucena, Spain) and Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero (Madrid, Spain) donated extra virgin olive oil, and the Almond Board of California (Modesto, CA), American Pistachio Growers (Fresno, CA), and Paramount Farms (Wonderful Company, LLC, Los Angeles, CA) donated nuts. This call is co-financed at 50% with charge to the Operational Program FSE 2014-2020 of the Balearic Islands