Investigating the rate and factors of approach to desalinated water in Kashan and Aran-Bidgol cities

Objectives: In recent years, due to the inappropriate quality of distributed water by the public water network in many parts of Iran, especially in the central areas, the use of desalinated water has been widely developed. Therefore, for any planning and intervention, it is very important to have information about the current situation and social, cultural and economic factors affecting this development. As a result, this study was conducted with the aim of Investigating the rate and factors of approach to desalinated water in Kashan and Aran-Bidgol cities in 2018.Methods: This study is an ecological study on the samples of Kashan and Aran-Bidgol people. The tool is a questionnaire completed over the phone. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS16 software.Results: About 83.2% of the samples in Kashan and Aran-Bidgol cities use desalinated water for drinking, cooking and tea making, 44.2% of the samples use a small household water purifier and 39% buy purified water from sales centers. The filtration technology in both categories is reverse osmosis.Conclusion: In the studied cities, the salty taste of water taken from the public network and samovar sediments are the most important reasons for consumers to switch to purified water, and demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational and economic level, etc. did not play a significant role in this approach

Study of electrochemical process effect on detergent removal from polluted water and fish bioassay test of the effluent

Aims: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant which is widely used in household and industrial detergents usage, and after use, it usually finds a way to the wastewater treatment systems. Conventional treatment is not recognized as an efficient method due to the long residence time and enlarged cost. Hence, advanced oxidation processes including electrochemical techniques are important. In this paper, electrochemical degradation of a synthetic solution of LAS with initial concentration 200 ppm has been investigated. Methods: The experiment was performed using eight stainless steel electrodes as cathode and anode with a monopolar arrangement. The effects of current intensity and density were studied as operational parameters on detergent removal efficiency. Results: The maximum removal efficiency 94% was achieved at current intensity equal to 300 mA and current density 6 mA/cm2. The energy consumption was calculated 2.7 ± 0.1 WH/g. The bioassay test showed that only under optimum conditions, 80% of fish was survived until 4 days since the end of the process and the rest were died immediately. All ten fish leaved in unpolluted were survived until 4 days monitoring. Conclusion: The results showed that, by reducing the current density, removal efficiency increases it was true for all current intensities

Investigating changes in groundwater level in Kashan plain

Aims: Management of water resources, especially groundwater in arid and semiarid regions, is of particular importance. Various natural and human factors in recent decades have created critical conditions for these resources. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate changes in groundwater levels over the past 28 years. Materials and Methods: To conduct this research, statistics related to 64 piezometer wells were studied during the years 1990–2018, and the effect of rainfall and extraction from groundwater resources was interpreted and analyzed. Results: The results of the study showed that according to the hydrograph of 64 piezometer wells in Kashan plain, the groundwater level has a downward trend and has decreased by 15.29 m during 28 years. The annual drop was 0.54 m. An increasing peak of water table was also observed. Moreover, the water level has decreased slightly in some years and has not decreased in some years. Conclusion: The study shows that uncontrolled harvesting in the long run has had a more significant impact than rainfall on groundwater resources. Moreover, water abstraction has occurred on average in the southern and southeastern parts of the plain, which can be due to the concentration of agricultural lands in this area. To reduce this trend, strong management strategies should be adopted and appropriate to the situation

Evaluation of Chemical Quality and Salinity Origin of Groundwater in a Semi Aried Area; Seyed Gholi Region Saveh, Iran

Background & Aims of the Study: In recent years, groundwater resources of Seyed Gholi in Saveh area has been deteriorated because of some factors such as unconventional withdrawal in order to agricultural and industrial uses. This study has been conducted to evaluation of chemical quality and salinity origin of groundwater in this region. Materials & Methods: In order to survey on salinity of water in this region, data from 6 sampling wells (2002-2011) has been used. In first step by collecting valid information about the chemical quality of related aquifer, investigation on fluctuation trends of ions concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, Cl, SO4, from 2002 to 2011 has been conducted. Then, pH and EC has been surveyed for ten years (2002-2011) to determine the general chemical quality of region groundwater. Finally, changes trends of ions and water salinity has been plotted on descriptive diagrams, piper, statistical models and other plans. Results: Results show that the average ion concentrations of sulfate and chloride are 803.52 and 579.72 mg/l, the average amounts of EC and TDS are 3665.70µm/cm & 2152.96 mg/l respectively in the period of 2002-2011. In other words, the average concentrations of sulfate and chloride iones have increased from 750.24 and 619.12 to 890.4 and 635.095 mg/l respectively and also TDS have changed from 2076.69 to 2357 mg/l in the period of 2002-2011. Conclusion: It has been concluded that descending trend of flow rate and increasing of ion concentration of sulfate and chloride indicated that quality of water in this region is not desirable which will lead to the deterioration of chemical quality of water for various uses. If the current conditions continue, the water will be non- potable

Long-term trends of Nitrogen oxides and surface ozone concentrations in Tehran city, 2002–2011

Background and aim: Tropospheric ozone is a problem with multi aspects - hazard to human health, plant, and welfare and a key factor to climate change, air pollution and atmosphere chemistry, as well. Behavior of ozone and nitrogen oxides (NO, and NO<inf>2</inf>) concentration is highly complex and variable; therefore, their trends as short and long-term were significantly attended. Most of the studies were carried out on the behavior of pollutant concentrations in North America, Europe, and East Asia, but few studies have been conducted in west Asia. The aim of this study was to assess daily changes and long-term trend of ozone and nitrogen oxides concentrations in Tehran city, Iran from March 2002 to September 2011. Material and methods: Data were collected from 18 air quality monitoring stations. The data were sorted as daily mean of 10 years (daily changes) and annual mean for each year (long-term trend). One-sample test was used to assess the statistical significance. Results: Current findings indicated that changes of ozone, NO, and NO<inf>2</inf> concentrations are dependent from job shifts and photochemical reactions. Annual mean concentrations of ozone and NO<inf>2</inf> were gradually increased, long-term trend of ozone and NO<inf>2</inf> concentration indicated. The correlation between long term trend of ozone and NO<inf>2</inf> was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The controlling program was the most important factor in long-term concentration of ozone, and nitrogen oxides, but some problems and difficulties were accounted to perform controlling program. © 2015 Motesaddi Zarandi et al

Long-term trends of Nitrogen oxides and surface ozone concentrations in Tehran city, 2002–2011

Background and aim: Tropospheric ozone is a problem with multi aspects - hazard to human health, plant, and welfare and a key factor to climate change, air pollution and atmosphere chemistry, as well. Behavior of ozone and nitrogen oxides (NO, and NO2) concentration is highly complex and variable; therefore, their trends as short and long-term were significantly attended. Most of the studies were carried out on the behavior of pollutant concentrations in North America, Europe, and East Asia, but few studies have been conducted in west Asia. The aim of this study was to assess daily changes and long-term trend of ozone and nitrogen oxides concentrations in Tehran city, Iran from March 2002 to September 2011. Material and methods: Data were collected from 18 air quality monitoring stations. The data were sorted as daily mean of 10 years (daily changes) and annual mean for each year (long-term trend). One-sample test was used to assess the statistical significance. Results: Current findings indicated that changes of ozone, NO, and NO2 concentrations are dependent from job shifts and photochemical reactions. Annual mean concentrations of ozone and NO2 were gradually increased, long-term trend of ozone and NO2 concentration indicated. The correlation between long term trend of ozone and NO2 was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The controlling program was the most important factor in long-term concentration of ozone, and nitrogen oxides, but some problems and difficulties were accounted to perform controlling program. © 2015 Motesaddi Zarandi et al