EL CAPITAL RELIGIOSO EVANGÉLICO EN LA CULTURA LOTINA

A cidade de Lota, em termos quantitativos, é a capital evangélica do Chile. De acordo com o Censo de 2002, 60% da população se declarou pertencente a esta religião, uma questão que é reforçada nos registros de campo, na imprensa e em alguma literatura social. Ela, no entanto, em termos qualitativos, é a capital religiosa evangélica que é destacada no cotidiano de uma cidade diminuída em seu repertório sóciopolítico. Afirmase que funciona como um recurso comunitário para ser propriedade de todos, incluindo os não crentes, é reconhecida por todos e lhe é atribuída um valor. É um “bem” que todos podem acessar, sendo mais visível, durável e imediato e funciona como um articulador da malha social, instância de controle e meio de salvação para os habitantes de uma cidade que está danificada, decadente e abandona.Palavras-chave: Religião. Política. Trabalho. Sindicatos. Capital religiosa

El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación. El caso de Lota, Chile

Lota, la primera ciudad industrial de Chile, monoproductora e identificada por 150 años con el carbón, se encuentra en un proceso irreversible de declinación simbólica y material. Marcada su historia por luchas contra la pobreza, la injusticia social y la demanda por derechos laborales, impulsadas por los sindicatos y el Partido Comunista, que estructuraron sus utopías sociales y urbanas, hoy se encuentra sumida en la derrota y el sufrimiento producido por una acumulación de eventos adversos en los últimos 40 años. La dictadura militar, el fin de los socialismos reales, la devaluación de los partidos políticos y el sindicalismo y el cierre de la mina, ponen fin a una cultura laboral y a un proyecto de ciudad que obliga a los extrabajadores y a sus habitantes a un proceso de reescritura biográfica que modifica su relación con el pasado y el futuro. En este artículo se realiza un análisis de las transformaciones productivas, sociales, políticas, culturales y arquitectónicas que muestran la emoción de una ciudad y la vida colectiva sumida en el dolor. Metodológicamente se desarrolla en base a un trabajo etnográfico sustentado en entrevistas a exmineros, mujeres, funcionarios públicos y revisión de fuentes de información secundaria, provenientes de registros históricos y literarios.After 150 years of coal mining and industrial production, the southern Chilean town of Lota entered during the 70’s a twofold process of continuous symbolic and material decline. Under the guidance of trade-unions and the Comunist Party, which provided the ideological basis that shaped the miners striving, the city’s population is renowned for its struggle against poverty and social injustice. The declining process, still underway after 40 years, has been taken over by adversity ever since the closure of the coal mines, namely: the military dictatorship that devastated the country during twenty years; the demise of most socialist regimes that sustained the miners quest for social justice; the enfeeblement of both the political parties and trade unions, among other events, have undermined social determination, forcing a redrafting of the relationship with both past and future. Through an ethnographic approach, based on interviews with former miners, women and local authorities, together with a thorough review of secondary sources, this article examines the productive, social, political, cultural and architectural transformations that speak for a town immersed in pain and longing for a redefined social utopia

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 10

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 10, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Reconfiguración espacial y modelos de apropiación y uso del territorio en la Patagonia chilena: migración por cambio de estilo de vida, parques de conservación y economía de la experiencia

Understanding territorial transformations in the framework of a global society implies approaching them from the perspective of redefining the capital-nature rela-tionship, as outlined by extractive capitalism. What place does Chilean Patagonia holds in reference to the value assigned to nature? It is posited here that the singularity offered by the patagonic territory and landscape allows for the development of new conceptualizations in order to generate material and symbolic meaning. Therefore, it is possible to identify three fundamental changes that represent different modes of territorial appropriation, land use and configuration models, supported by the conceptualization of nature as a commodity: 1) Migration in search a change in lifestyle; 2) national parks defined through the sale of carbon credits and a biocentric philosophy and 3) Tourism and the experience-based economy. Our results correspond to a qualitative and synchronic research based approach, using a three-way systemic analysis of data gathered from various primary and secondary sources.Comprender las transformaciones que experimentan los territorios en la sociedad global, implica situarlos en el proceso de redefinición capital-naturaleza en el marco del capitalismo extractivista. ¿Qué lugar ocupa la Patagonia chilena a partir del valor otorgado a la naturaleza? Se postula que la singularidad que ofrece el espacio y paisaje patagónicos posibilita el desarrollo de distintas conceptualizaciones como producciones de significado material y simbólico, identificando tres cambios fundamentales que representan distintos modelos de apropiación, uso y reconfiguración del territorio que se sustentan sobre la conceptualización de la naturaleza como un commodity: 1) Migración por cambio de estilo de vida, 2) Parques de conservación mediante la venta de bonos de carbono y filosofía bio-céntrica y 3) Economía de la experiencia y turismo. Los resultados corresponden a una investigación con enfoque cualitativo y sincrónico, basada en una estrategia de triangulación de datos provenientes de diferentes fuentes primaras y secundarias

El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación: El caso de Lota, Chile

Lota, la primera ciudad industrial de Chile, monoproductora e identificada por 150 años con el carbón, se encuentra en un proceso irreversible de declinación simbólica y material. Marcada su historia por luchas contra la pobreza, la injusticia social y la demanda por derechos laborales, impulsadas por los sindicatos y el Partido Comunista, que estructuraron sus utopías sociales y urbanas, hoy se encuentra sumida en la derrota y el sufrimiento producido por una acumulación de eventos adversos en los últimos 40 años. La dictadura militar, el fin de los socialismos reales, la devaluación de los partidos políticos y el sindicalismo y el cierre de la mina, ponen fin a una cultura laboral y a un proyecto de ciudad que obliga a los extrabajadores y a sus habitantes a un proceso de reescritura biográfica que modifica su relación con el pasado y el futuro. En este artículo se realiza un análisis de las transformaciones productivas, sociales, políticas, culturales y arquitectónicas que muestran la emoción de una ciudad y la vida colectiva sumida en el dolor. Metodológicamente se desarrolla en base a un trabajo etnográfico sustentado en entrevistas a exmineros, mujeres, funcionarios públicos y revisión de fuentes de información secundaria, provenientes de registros históricos y literarios

Recursos vegetales en la reserva de la biosfera península de Guanahacabibes, Cuba

In the Biosphere Reserve Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, plant species are mainly used as food, medicine, honeybee feeders and timber. They are collected by folk people in the nearby forests but these collections can be a severe threat to many of the extant plant resources. An ethnobotanical study and a tree inventory were carried out in the 80 plots of the Unidad Silvícola El Valle in order to define a basis for the management and sustainable development of the useful species of the localities La Bajada, El Valle y Vallecito in the BRPG. Informal and structured interviews were made to 200 collectors as well as participant observations and hiking tours from October 1987 to September 2007. Results show that most useful plants are found in the lowland tropical forest, the seashore scrub thicket and the sandy and rocky coasts. Areas with least diversity are found in the northern zone where mangrove forests are dominant with two species: Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle. Plot 15 has the largest amount of species (249). Over 200 species were found in the plots 73 (232), 70 (232), 80 (232), 68 (229), 74 (229) and 78 (229) where the following species are dominant: Gerascanthus gerascanthoides, Oxandra lanceolata and Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. foetidissimum.. According to the inventory, Talipariti elatum is abundant and therefore the controlled exploitation of its flowers is recommended for the production of green dye and medicine against colds. The propagation of pioneer species like Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum oliviforme and Genipa americana during the first years of forest regeneration, followed by the propagation of foliage trees like Oxandra lanceolata (useful in the perfume industry) and Crescentia cujete will help to recuperate and/or restore the original forests.En la Reserva de la Biosfera Península de Guanahacabibes las especies vegetales son utilizadas principalmente como medicinales, maderables, melíferas, y alimentación, motivos por los cuales son colectadas de los bosques cercanos a las viviendas. Estas recolecciones pueden poner en riesgo mucho de los recursos vegetales del área. Para definir las bases que sirvan para el manejo y desarrollo sostenible de las plantas utilizadas en las comunidades La Bajada, El Valle y Vallecito de la Reserva de la Biosfera Península de Guanahacabibes se realizó un estudio etnobotánico e inventario forestal en los 80 lotes de la Unidad Silvícola El Valle. Para ello desde octubre de 1987 a septiembre de 2007 se aplicaron entrevistas informales y estructuradas a 200 recolectores de plantas útiles, asi como observaciones participantes y caminatas. Se obtuvo que la mayor cantidad de plantas útiles se localiza en el bosque semideciduo mesófilo, el matorral xeromorfo costero y subcostero y el complejo de vegetación de costa arenosa y rocosa. Las áreas de menor diversidad se encuentran en la zona norte, donde predominan los bosques de mangle con dos especies abundantes que son Avicennia germinans y Rhizophora mangle. El lote forestal 15 contiene la mayor cantidad de especies (249 especies). Más de 200 especies se inventariaron en los lotes forestales 73 (232 especies), 70 (232), 80 (232), 68 (229), 74 (229) y 78 (229) donde predominan las especies Cordia gerascanthus, Oxandra lanceolada y Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. foetidissimum. A partir de los inventarios se obtuvo que Talipariti elatum es abundante y se recomienda la explotación controlada de sus flores, para la producción de tinte verde y para la elaboración de jarabes anticatarrales. El cultivo de especies pioneras como Chrysobalanus icaco var. icaco, Chrysophyllum oliviforme subsp. oliviforme y Genipa americana durante los primeros años y posteriormente el cultivo de especies de árboles productores de follaje como Oxandra lanceolata (de interés para la perfumería) y Crescentia cujete permitirá la recuperación o restauración del bosque