P-Adaptive Boundary Elements

This paper presents the implementation of an adaptive philosophy to plane potential problems, using the direct boundary element method. After some considerations about the state of the art and a discussion of the standard approach features, the possibility of separately treating the modelling of variables and their interpolation through hierarchical shape functions is analysed. Then the proposed indicators and estimators are given, followed by a description of a small computer program written for an IBM PC. Finally, some examples show the kind of results to be expected

Effective and neutral stresses in soils using boundary element methods

The evaluation of neutral pressures in soil mechanics problems is a fundamental step to evaluate deformations in soils. In this paper, we present some results obtained by using the boundary element method for plane problems, describing the undrained situation as well as the consolidation problem

Elementos de contorno jerarquizados

Se presenta en este trabajo un nuevo enfoque del M.E.C., según el cual el refinamiento de la solución se logra mediante incremento del número de funciones de forma, en contraposición al tradicional de refinamiento de la discretización. De esta forma se consigue una convergencia más rápida, y de forma automática. Asimismo la discretización del contorno se realiza de una forma natural, viniendo los puntos que la definen impuestos por cambios de geometría o condiciones de contorno solamente. Como conclusión, cabe señalar que la idea de jerarquías de funciones de ínterpolación permite discretizar el contorno en elementos naturales de acuerdo con las discontinuidades previsibles en las variables del problema. Se puede mejorar de una forma independiente y automática la aproximación tanto en diferentes elementos como en las variables esenciales y naturales del problema. Se puede reducir el cálculo de integrales (la parte mas costosa del M.E.C.) al mínimo imprescindible. Se produce un mejor condicionamiento de la matriz y se debilitan los acoplamientos sucesivos. Toda la información precisa es aprovechada al máximo al pasar de una aproximación a la siguiente, lo que facilita el uso de soluciones iterativas

Indicators and Estimators in P-Adaptive Boundary Elements

The paper presents the possibility of implementing a p-adaptive process with the B.E.M. Although the exemples show that good results can be obtained with a limited amount of storage and with the simple ideas explained above, more research is needed in order to improve the two main problems of the method, i.e.: the criteria of where to refine and until what degree. Mathematically based reasoning is still lacking and will be useful to simplify the decission making. Nevertheless the method seems promising and, we hope, opens a path for a series of research lines of maximum interest. Although the paper has dealt only with plane potential problem the extension to plane elasticity as well as to 3-D potential problem is straight-forward

Improvements for B.E.M. implementation in micros

This paper presents a computer program developed to run in a micro I.B.M.-P.C. wich incorporates some features in order to optimize the number of operations needed to compute the solution of plane potential problems governed by Laplace's equation by using the Boundary Integral Equation Method (B.I.E.M.). Also incorporated is a routine to plot isolines inside the domain under study

Hierarchical boundary elements

In this paper we show the possibility of applying adaptive procedures as an alternative to the well-known philosophy of standard Boundary Elements. The three characteristic steps of adaptive procedures, i.e. hierarchical shape functions families, indicator criteria, and a posteriori estimation, can be defined in order to govern an automatic refinement and stopping of the solution process. A computer program to treat potential problems, called QUEIMADA, has been developed to show the capabilities of the new idea

A Supply-voltage driving scheme for grounded capacitive sensor front-ends

n this article, a novel supply-voltage driving1 (SVDR) scheme for capacitive sensor front-ends is proposed to2 eliminate the parasitic capacitance effects. The suggested circuit3 is intended for remote sensors (and, hence, connected to the4 circuit through a shielded cable) with one electrode grounded5 and of low capacitance (in the 0–10-pF range). The effects of6 the parasitic capacitance of the cable are avoided using the7 active-shielding technique, whereas those of the amplifier input8 through a smart driving of the reference node of the amplifier9 supply voltage. Thanks to these techniques, the input–output10 characteristic shows, without applying any adjustment and/or11 calibration, an offset error lower than 3 fF. The nonlinearity12 error (NLE) is in the order of 0.01% of the full-scale span (FSS),13 which corresponds to 1 fF. Different operational amplifiers (OAs)14 and different lengths (up to 15 m) of the interconnecting cable15 are experimentally tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the16 circuit. In comparison with similar circuits recently suggested in17 the literature, the proposed circuit does not require any bulky18 component, such as a transformer, and consequently, it is a19 lower-cost solution and suitable to be integrated.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Skeletal muscle specific genes networks in cattle

While physiological differences across skeletal muscles have been described, the differential gene expression underlying them and the discovery of how they interact to perform specific biological processes are largely to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was, firstly, to profile by cDNA microarrays the differential gene expression between two skeletal muscle types, Psoas major (PM) and Flexor digitorum (FD), in beef cattle and then to interpret the results in the context of a bovine gene coexpression network, detecting possible changes in connectivity across the skeletal muscle system. Eighty four genes were differentially expressed (DE) between muscles. Approximately 54% encoded metabolic enzymes and structural-contractile proteins. DE genes were involved in similar processes and functions, but the proportion of genes in each category varied within each muscle. A correlation matrix was obtained for 61 out of the 84 DE genes from a gene coexpression network. Different groups of coexpression were observed, the largest one having 28 metabolic and contractile genes, up-regulated in PM, and mainly encoding fast-glycolytic fibre structural components and glycolytic enzymes. In FD, genes related to cell support seemed to constitute its identity feature and did not positively correlate to the rest of DE genes in FD. Moreover, changes in connectivity for some DE genes were observed in the different gene ontologies. Our results confirm the existence of a muscle dependent transcription and coexpression pattern and suggest the necessity of integrating different muscle types to perform comprehensive networks for the transcriptional landscape of bovine skeletal muscle

Extensions of abelian varieties defined over a number field

We study the arithmetic aspects of the finite group of extensions of abelian varieties defined over a number field. In particular, we establish relations with special values of L-functions and congruences between modular forms.Comment: 11 page