Giving the Bat Back to Casey: Suggestions to Reform Title IX\u27s Inequitable Application to Intercollegiate Athletics

This monetary limitation on athletic departments has led institutions to eliminate male athletic teams as the only way to comply with Title IX. Part II discusses the purpose behind Title IX, its legislative history, and its “flawed” modern day application to intercollegiate athletics. Part III critically examines how the majority of courts have incorrectly construed Title IX, and also focuses upon the shocking results between the success rate of male and female plaintiffs. Part IV supplies reasoning and analysis why Title IX is inapplicable to athletics, notwithstanding the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987. Finally, as an alternative to Part IV, Part V offers several suggestions that institutions and courts can experiment with in hope of complying with Title IX without the need to eliminate athletic teams

McMullen v. Ohio State University Hospitals: This Isn\u27t Vegas, But Don\u27t Tell the Courts - Playing with Percentages and the Loss-of-chance Doctrine

Part II of this note presents a background on the history of, and alternative theories to, the loss-of-chance doctrine. Part III presents the facts, procedural history, holding, and reasoning of the case. Part IV scrutinizes and assesses the court’s holding, the various public policy implications, and the future effect on medical malpractice claims. Finally, Part V concludes the paper. Essentially, the question is whether the loss-of-chance doctrine will apply when a plaintiff proves a direct causal connection between the injury and the defendant’s negligent act

The state of the art of diagnostic multiparty eye tracking in synchronous computer-mediated collaboration

In recent years, innovative multiparty eye tracking setups have been introduced to synchronously capture eye movements of multiple individuals engaged in computer-mediated collaboration. Despite its great potential for studying cognitive processes within groups, the method was primarily used as an interactive tool to enable and evaluate shared gaze visualizations in remote interaction. We conducted a systematic literature review to provide a comprehensive overview of what to consider when using multiparty eye tracking as a diagnostic method in experiments and how to process the collected data to compute and analyze group-level metrics. By synthesizing our findings in an integrative conceptual framework, we identified fundamental requirements for a meaningful implementation. In addition, we derived several implications for future research, as multiparty eye tracking was mainly used to study the correlation between joint attention and task performance in dyadic interaction. We found multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis, a novel method to quantify group-level dynamics in physiological data, to be a promising procedure for addressing some of the highlighted research gaps. In particular, the computation method enables scholars to investigate more complex cognitive processes within larger groups, as it scales up to multiple data streams

New York State 2009 NHTS Comparison Report

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) initiated an effort in 1969 to collect detailed data on personal travel, with the most recent surveys being the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS). The primary objective of these surveys is to collect trip-based data on the nature and characteristics of personal travel so that the relationships between the characteristics of personal travel and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the traveler and his/her household can be established. In addition to the number of sample households that the national NPTS/NHTS survey allotted to New York State, NYDOT procured an additional sample of households in the 1995, 2001, and 2009 surveys. The comparisons drawn in this report compare the results from these NYS sampled households to the results from households drawn for the rest of the nation. Many of the differences between NYC counties and others in the state result from the striking differences in private vehicle ownership levels, with less than one in two NYC drivers and only 64% of NYC households owning a vehicle in 2009: versus 9 out of 10 drivers owning a vehicle, and between 1.5 and 2 vehicles owned per household, on the average, in the state's other metro areas. And this situation has changed very little over the past fourteen years covered by the three latest NPTS/NHTS surveys. While households in metro areas outside NYC do not own a vehicle largely due to income constraints, many households in NYC/Manhattan do not own a vehicle by choice. However, the statistics suggest that the mobility of zero-vehicle households in NYC/Manhattan is by no means deterred by the lack of a vehicle. While the private vehicle tripmaking rate of NYC residents was between one half and one third that in the state's other metro areas, and their daily VMT about half that of other metro areas, most of their daily travel needs were met by walking or by public transit. As a result, their daily trip-making rates remain consistent with those of vehicle-owning households when all modes of travel are considered. This again indicates that owning a vehicle or being a driver in NYC was less important for meeting a household's mobility needs than anywhere else in NYS. The high levels of public transit usage within NYC replace a great deal of automobile use, and this plus greater use of walk trips results in significantly lower travel generated carbon dioxide emissions per household in NYC than elsewhere in the state. In contrast, the comparatively limited level of public transit ridership in the state's smaller and medium sized metro areas places a much greater reliance on the privately owned vehicle, be it an automobile or the increasingly popular SUV

Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene Cysteine Three Histidine 2

The aim of this thesis was to functionally characterize the Cysteine Three Histidine 2 (CTH2)gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a candidate for a role in plant iron homeostasis. AtCTH2 belongs to the family of tandem zinc-finger proteins (TZF) which are known to bind and initiate the degradation of mRNAs in other organisms. The closest homologue of AtCTH2 in yeast is negatively regulating the stability of a group of specific transcripts under iron-deficient conditions. Heterologous expression of an Arabidopsis CTH2 cDNA can complement a yeast cth1Δcth2Δ mutant. Here it was shown that AtCTH2 partly co-localizes with a marker of plant stress-granules in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Localization to these sites of transcript degradation is an indication that CTH2 plays a role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by influencing transcript stability. Two mutants carrying T-DNA insertions in CTH2 were identified and characterized. The two mutants showed different phenotypes, which was attributed to different partial CTH2 transcripts originating at the CTH2 locus. The results suggested that the partial transcript found in cth2-1 caused a dominant hypersensitivity to iron deficiency, and possibly represents a gain-of-function allele. Most affected were the youngest leaves, which showed a drastic reduction of chlorophyll concentrations and reduced growth, when compared to wild-type plants grown under the same conditions. The total content of iron in the youngest leaves was not affected by the cth2-1 mutation, which showed that long-distance iron reallocation under Fe-deficient conditions is not disturbed. The cth2-2 allele caused sporophytic male sterility, and is recessive. In homozygous cth2-2 plants tetrads of microspores are found, but instead of separating into individual microspores, the cells enlarged, showed granular structures, and eventually degenerated. In accordance with this, the activity of the CTH2 promoter was localized to the connective tissue during the release of microspores from tetrads. The developmental defect might be caused by a disturbed iron homeostasis, since iron content was lower in cth2-2 anthers then in wild-type anthers. A microarray analysis identified several candidate pathways and categories of genes, in which transcript levels are over-proportionately misregulated in cth2-2 anthers compared to wildtype anthers. In summary, it was shown that CTH2 has a role in Arabidopsis thaliana iron homeostasis and is critical for anther development. In both roles CTH2 is the first described RNA-binding protein in a plant to act in these roles

Are Product Owners communicators? A multi-method research approach to provide a more comprehensive picture of Product Owners in practice

Product Owners have an important role in the agile and hybrid software development process. While this role is supposed to maximize the value of a product, there seem to be several scattered results on how they achieve this, as well as what actually constitutes this role in practice. To consolidate current research results and to further analyze the key attribute of Product Owners, we conducted a multi-method research approach spanning a systematic mapping study and a consecutive case study in a hybrid development environment. The results of the mapping study states that Product Owners are communicators. We further investigated on this and used the shadowing technique to observe three Product Owners' communication activities. The results support that statement, as the gained data reveal that Product Owners spend 65% of their time in meetings. But rather than just providing the team with the necessary requirements for the product under development, Product Owners need this time to synchronize and align their work, streamline the agile process of large-scale Scrum, discuss team-based topics, and to solve upcoming issues addressed by the team. These results contribute to draw a more comprehensive picture of the important but yet complex role of Product Owners in practice. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

New York Household Travel Patterns: A Comparison Analysis

In 1969, the U. S. Department of Transportation began collecting detailed data on personal travel to address various transportation planning issues. These issues range from assessing transportation investment programs to developing new technologies to alleviate congestion. This 1969 survey was the birth of the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). The survey was conducted again in 1977, 1983, 1990 and 1995. Longer-distance travel was collected in 1977 and 1995. In 2001, the survey was renamed to the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and collected both daily and longer-distance trips in one survey. In addition to the number of sample households that the national NPTS/NHTS survey allotted to New York State (NYS), the state procured an additional sample of households in both the 1995 and 2001 surveys. In the 1995 survey, NYS procured an addition sample of more than 9,000 households, increasing the final NY NPTS sample size to a total of 11,004 households. Again in 2001, NYS procured 12,000 additional sample households, increasing the final New York NHTS sample size to a total of 13,423 households with usable data. These additional sample households allowed NYS to address transportation planning issues pertinent to geographic areas significantly smaller than for what the national NPTS and NHTS data are intended. Specifically, these larger sample sizes enable detailed analysis of twelve individual Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs). Furthermore, they allowed NYS to address trends in travel behavior over time. In this report, travel data for the entire NYS were compared to those of the rest of the country with respect to personal travel behavior and key travel determinants. The influence of New York City (NYC) data on the comparisons of the state of New York to the rest of the country was also examined. Moreover, the analysis examined the relationship between population density and travel patterns, and the similarities and differences among New York MPOs. The 1995 and 2001 survey data make it possible to examine and identify travel trends over time. This report does not address, however, the causes of the differences and/or trends

The state of the art of diagnostic multiparty eye tracking in synchronous computer-mediated collaboration

In recent years, innovative multiparty eye tracking setups have been introduced to synchronously capture eye movements of multiple individuals engaged in computer-mediated collaboration. Despite its great potential for studying cognitive processes within groups, the method was primarily used as an interactive tool to enable and evaluate shared gaze visualizations in remote interaction. We conducted a systematic literature review to provide a comprehensive overview of what to consider when using multiparty eye tracking as a diagnostic method in experiments and how to process the collected data to compute and analyze group-level metrics. By synthesizing our findings in an integrative conceptual framework, we identified fundamental requirements for a meaningful implementation. In addition, we derived several implications for future research, as multiparty eye tracking was mainly used to study the correlation between joint attention and task performance in dyadic interaction. We found multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis, a novel method to quantify group-level dynamics in physiological data, to be a promising procedure for addressing some of the highlighted research gaps. In particular, the computation method enables scholars to investigate more complex cognitive processes within larger groups, as it scales up to multiple data streams

Ion beam induced modification of exchange interaction and spin-orbit coupling in the Co2_2FeSi Heusler compound

A Co$_2$FeSi (CFS) film with L2$_1$ structure was irradiated with different fluences of 30 keV Ga$^+$ ions. Structural modifications were subsequently studied using the longitudinal (LMOKE) and quadratic (QMOKE) magneto-optical Kerr effect. Both the coercivity and the LMOKE amplitude were found to show a similar behavior upon irradiation: they are nearly constant up to ion fluences of $\approx6\times10^{15}$ ion/cm$^2$, while they decrease with further increasing fluences and finally vanish at a fluence of $\approx9\times10^{16}$ ion/cm$^2$, when the sample becomes paramagnetic. However, contrary to this behavior, the QMOKE signal nearly vanishes even for the smallest applied fluence of $3\times10^{14}$ ion/cm$^2$. We attribute this reduction of the QMOKE signal to an irradiation-induced degeneration of second or higher order spin-orbit coupling, which already happens at small fluences of 30 keV Ga$^+$ ions. On the other hand, the reduction of coercivity and LMOKE signal with high ion fluences is probably caused by a reduction of the exchange interaction within the film material