Gender differences in social mortality differentials in Switzerland (1990-2005)

Using data from the 1990 and 2000 Swiss Federal Censuses linked to the death records of the years 1990-1995 and 2000-2005, this paper investigates gender differences in mortality differentials by level of educational achievement and by marital status. In both periods, the differential by level of education is clearly more pronounced among men, but the difference in the educational gradient between men and women decreases between the two periods of observation. Health behavior might contribute to the gender difference in the educational mortality gradient, but it is probably not the main reason for this finding. The mortality differential by marital status is also stronger in men, but the difference between men and women narrows over time. Our analysis also shows that gender differences in the mortality differential by marital status almost disappear when gender differences in population composition by level of education, nationality, employment status, and housing situation are taken into account.differential mortality, education, gender, linked census data, marital status, Switzerland

Changing gender relations, declining fertility?:An analysis of childbearing trajectories in 19th-century Netherlands

BACKGROUND A long-standing and still unresolved debate has developed on whether the historical fertility transition was caused by ‘spacing’ (increasing the time between births) or by stopping (terminating childbearing at younger ages). Moreover, there is little consensus about the relative importance of gender relations in effecting reproductive change. OBJECTIVE First, we wish to shed new light on the stopping versus spacing debate by applying a sequence analysis approach, allowing us to describe changes in complete childbearing trajectories. Second, we want to understand the association between gender relations, among other factors, and reproductive trajectories during the historical fertility decline. METHODS We use longitudinal data from GENLIAS, a dataset constructed from linked civil registers of the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands, covering the period 1811‒1911. We employ cluster and sequence analysis to identify different types of childbearing trajectories and logistic regression to estimate their correlates. RESULTS We identified five often-experienced trajectories: two high-fertility traditional trajectories (differing in the length of the reproductive phase), a ‘Stoppers’ trajectory, a ‘Late Starters’ trajectory, and an ‘Almost Childless’ trajectory. Our results show that stopping was the way through which couples controlled their fertility during the early phase of the historical fertility transition in Zeeland, the Netherlands. Although couples with more egalitarian relationships had a higher likelihood to follow a Stoppers trajectory rather than the highest-fertility trajectory, stopping was most clearly linked to birth cohort and social class. CONTRIBUTION Our paper extends the literature on the process of the historical fertility decline and its determinants via a detailed empirical examination of childbearing trajectories and the conditions under which these trajectories took place. With our sequence analysis approach we add both substantively and methodologically to long-standing debates

Déstandardisation, différenciation régionale et changements générationnels. Départ du foyer parental et modes de vie en Suisse au XXe siècle

Recent studies on transitions to adulthood have somewhat disregarded the choice of living arrangements after moving out of the parental home. In this article we investigate the leaving home experience of young adults and the way it has changed over time in Switzerland during the 20th century. Using longitudinal data from the Swiss Household Panel, we first analyze the timing of the leaving home experience, and then living arrangements through competing risks models. Our findings show that in Switzerland leaving home behaviour varied across cohorts and linguistic regions in terms of timing, type of living arrangement and degree of synchronisation with other transitions to adulthoo

L'endogamie matrimoniale dans les villes suisses, 1880-1930

L'étude analyse les caractéristiques de l'endogamie matrimoniale dans quatre villes suisses à la fin du xixe siècle et au début du xxe siècle. En dissociant les contraintes structurelles – définies par les équilibres numériques sur les marchés matrimoniaux – des préférences individuelles – intégrant les choix individuels et le respect des normes sociales et communautaires –, l'étude met en évidence notamment les spécificités de l'endogamie par rapport au profil socio-économique des villes observées. En outre, elle essaye de vérifier dans quelle mesure les transformations du choix du conjoint reflètent l'émergence (ou, dans certains cas, la consolidation), après le premier conflit mondial, d'une nouvelle sociabilité urbaine, basée sur de nouveaux rapports à la ville et à son économie et facilitant les processus d'intégration.Matrimonial Endogamy in Swiss Cities, 1880-1930: Structural Effects and Individual Preferences This paper analyses the characteristics of geographical marital endogamy in four Swiss towns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The method dinstinguishes between structural constraints - reflecting the composition of the marriage markets - and individual preferences - including personal choices and the respect of social norms - affecting the process of mate selection. The article points to the role of the towns' specific socio-economic profile and tries to determine in which manner the tranformations of partner choice patterns after World War I reflected the rise (or the strengthening) of a new form of urban sociability, based on a new perception of the city and its economy and including alternative fonns of integration

Laser Surface Scanning Analysis in Reconstructive Rhytidectomy

The implementation of laser surface scanning to assess facial symmetry after unilateral face-lift procedures used to reconstruct defects after skin tumor resection is presented. Six patients who had undergone defect reconstruction with a flap raised from the subcutaneous plane were included in the study. Immediate postoperative photographic evaluation confirmed facial asymmetry because of unilateral skin tension. After a minimum follow-up period of 1 year, photographic and laser surface scanning analysis showed restored facial symmetry. In conclusion, laser surface scanning is a promising technology for objectifying results obtained and could be implemented for evaluation of the immediate and long-term effects from rhytidectomy procedures. Subcutaneous flaps without duplication or resection of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system are ideal for unilateral procedures because facial symmetry is restored after 1 yea

Migration and reproduction in an urbanizing context

Résumé Dans cette contribution, nous étudions les parcours de vie familiale de femmes natives et immigrées à Anvers et à Genève au 19ème siècle, deux contextes caractérisés par l’immigration, une forte croissance démographique et un rythme d’ur­banisation soutenu. Exploitant la base de données COR pour Anvers et une reconstitution des familles pour Genève, nous analysons des parcours familiaux individuels dans une perspective séquentielle. Pour ce faire, nous considérons quatre états distincts : la phase entre le début de l’âge reproductif et le mariage (1), l’intervalle proto-génésique (2), la phase reproductive en tant que telle (3) et la phase de famille achevée (4). Dans le cas anversois, notre analyse montre une opposition entre les immigrées locales dont les parcours étaient caractérisés par une longue période reproductive et les immigrées de longue distance dont la phase de famille achevée était plus longue. Dans le cas genevois, les natives se caractérisaient par un bas âge au mariage, ce qui explique pourquoi leur phase de famille achevée était particulièrement longue. Summary This paper investigates the family life course of native and immigrant women in 19th century Antwerp and Geneva, two contexts characterized by rapid population growth, urbanization and immigration. Using data from the COR-sample of Antwerp and from a family reconstitution of Geneva, we analyze individual family life courses in a sequential data perspective. We conceptualize the family life course as a sequence of 4 states: the phase between the entry into reproductive age and marriage (1), the interval between marriage and first birth (2), the period of childbearing (3) and the phase of completed family size (4). The analysis shows an opposition between local immigrants (characterized by long childbearing periods) and long-distance immigrants (longer periods of completed family size) in Antwerp. In Geneva, natives married at a much younger age than immigrants, which explains why their life course was characterized by a longer period of completed family size

Geneva. An Urban Sociodemographic Database

The Geneva databases are a data resource covering the period 1800–1880 for the city of Geneva, and occasionally the canton of Geneva. The research team adopted an alphabetical sampling approach, collecting data on individuals whose surname begins with the letter B. The individuals and households belonging to this sample in six population censuses between 1816 and 1843 were digitised and linked. A second database collected marriage and divorce records for the period 1800–1880. A third collection of data included residence permits. All these sources were used for a massive reconstitution of families. This article presents the sources, the linking methods, the typologies used to code places and occupations, to study household structures and forms of solitude. Combined with qualitative information extracted from the archives of public administrations and the National Protestant Church, as well as from newspapers, these databases were used to study the transformation of a medium-sized European city, sociopolitical tensions embedded in demographic and social structures, and the impact of the immigrants who made the 'Calvinist Rome' a religiously mixed city

Gender Differences in Social Mortality Differentials in Switzerland (1990-2005)

Using data from the 1990 and 2000 Swiss Federal Censuses linked to the death records of the years 1990-1995 and 2000-2005, this paper investigates gender differences in mortality differentials by level of educational achievement and by marital status. In both periods, the differential by level of education is clearly more pronounced among men, but the difference in the educational gradient between men and women decreases between the two periods of observation. Health behavior might contribute to the gender difference in the educational mortality gradient, but it is probably not the main reason for this finding. The mortality differential by marital status is also stronger in men, but the difference between men and women narrows over time. Our analysis also shows that gender differences in the mortality differential by marital status almost disappear when gender differences in population composition by level of education, nationality, employment status, and housing situation are taken into account

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden