Making our time: the dispute over society's predictive horizons. Interview with Álvaro García Linera

Esta entrevista a Álvaro García Linea presenta una aguda reflexión en torno a la relación entre lo nacional-popular y el populismo, dos conceptos clave para analizar la política latinoamericana. La preferencia de García Linera por el primero estriba en su extraordinaria capacidad explicativa para comprender las heterógeneas luchas sociales, la construcción de sujetos políticos y las transformaciones revolucionarias. Nutrido del debate gramsciano de los años ochenta, García Linera lo conjuga con la discusión marxista para dar cuenta de la configuración de las clases sociales que en América Latina, y especialmente en Bolivia, tiene una profunda carga étnica. Lo nacional-popular es la manera de realización histórica práctica de las luchas de clases plebeyas por su autonomía y autodeterminación, cuyas características y destino no están preestablecidos más allá del curso mismo de la acción política. Es el momento plebeyo, que siempre estalla como desborde estatal, aunque paradójicamente necesita instituirse temporalmente en el Estado, para consolidarse y universalizarse. Según García Linera, lo nacional-popular solo surge en momentos de crisis de régimen de dominación y régimen de acumulación. Durante este interregno, se produce lo que denomina “debilitamiento del horizonte predictivo”, al tiempo que se activa la “disponibilidad colectiva a revocar creencias”.This interview with Álvaro García Linera presents a deep reflection on the relationship between the national-popular and populism, two key concepts for analyzing Latin American politics. García Linera's preference for the former lies on its extraordinary explanatory capacity to understand heterogeneous plebeian social struggles, the construction of political subjects and revolutionary transformations. Nourished by the Gramscian debate of the 1980s, García Linera combines it with the Marxist discussion to account for the configuration of social classes that in Latin America, and especially in Bolivia, has a deep ethnic charge. The national-popular is the way of practical historical realization of the struggles of plebeian classes for their autonomy and self-determination, whose characteristics and destiny are not pre-established beyond the very course of political action. This is the plebeian moment, which always erupts as a state overflow, although paradoxically it needs to be temporarily instituted in the state in order to consolidate and universalize itself. According to García Linera, the national-popular only arises during the crisis of the domination and accumulation regimes. In the course of this interregnum, what he calls "weakening of the predictive horizon" takes place, while the "collective willingness to revoke beliefs" is activated.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

21st century Populisms, a new phase after the national popular turn at the beginning of the century?

El texto introduce el dosier a partir de situar el debate en torno al estatus de la categoría de populismo para pensar los vigentes procesos políticos en la región latinoamericana. Propone distintos usos críticos de la teoría del populismo a la que se adicionan nociones clave de la teoría/ciencia política –como Estado, hegemonía, lo nacional-popular, derechas radicales–, para interrogar el fenómeno político actual enmarcado en una nueva ola de gobiernos progresistas en América Latina, luego de la primera suscitada a inicios del siglo XXI. El texto sostiene que la teoría del populismodesplegada en tres dimensiones puede operar como un recurso para comprender el devenir de estos gobiernos: como proceso histórico, como productor de sujetos e identidades y como tipo de gobierno que gestiona el orden social. A partir de esta conceptualización, el dosier aborda el nuevo giro nacional-popular, distinguiendo dos bloques de países: el primero compuesto por aquellos como Colombia y México que no formaron parte de la llamada "marea rosa", y el segundo, formado por aquellos caracterizados por un “retorno populista”, como Argentina, Bolivia y Brasil, que presentan marcadas diferencias respecto de las experiencias de principio de siglo.The aim of this dossier´s introduction is to situate the debate on the status of the category of populism to think about current political processes in Latin America. It proposes different critical uses of the theory of populism to which key notions of political theory and political science –such as State, hegemony, national-popular, radical right-wing‒ are added, in order to interrogate the ongoing political phenomenon framed in a new wave of progressive governments in Latin America, after the first one that emerged at the beginning of the 21st century. The text argues that the theory of populism deployed in three dimensions can operate as a resource to understand the evolution of these governments: as a historical process, as a producer of subjects and identities, and as a type of government that manages the social order. Based on this conceptualization, the dossier addresses the new national-popularturn, distinguishing two blocks of countries: the first, composed of those such as Colombia and Mexico that were not part of the so-called "pink tide", and the second, formed by those characterized by a "populist return", such as Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil, which present marked differences with respect to the experiences of the beginning of the century.Dossier: Nuevos gobiernos en América Latina: entre el populismo, el progresismo y lo nacional popular.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

El concepto de antagonismo en la teoría política contemporánea

El artículo se propone indagar en la categoría de antagonismo desarrollada en el enfoque posestructuralista, posmarxista y posfundacional de Ernesto Laclau. Se sostiene que dicha noción opera en tres campos analíticos que en la obra del autor se desplazan e incluso superponen, provocando algunos equívocos en relación a su estatus y alcance teórico. Estos registros —el ontológico, el óntico y el identitario— dan cuenta de diferentes fenómenos: la institución del orden social, la multiplicidad de conflictos en la sociedad y la constitución de las identidades políticas. En este sentido, este artículo contribuye a identificar las potencialidades y limitaciones de la categoría de antagonismo para el análisis político de las sociedades contemporáneas.The article aims to look into the category of antagonism developed in Ernesto Laclau´s post-structuralist, post-Marxist and postfoundational approach. It is argued that this notion operates in three analytical fields that overlap, causing some misunderstandings regarding their status and theoretical range. These fields -the ontological, the ontic and identity-account for different phenomena: the institution of social order, the multiplicity of conflicts in society and the constitution of political identities. In this sense, this article helps to identify the potential and limitations of the category of antagonism for the political analysis of contemporary societies.Este artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación "Identidades, discursos y prácticas políticas de los sectores populares en la Argentina" y en las actividades de los autores en el Área de Estudios Políticos Latinoamericanos del Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. También recupera los resultados producto de la tesis de posgrado de Soledad Stoessel en 2010.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Neoliberalismo, democracia e subjetividade: O povo como fundamento, estratégia e projeto

Este artículo se desarrolla a partir de dos interrogantes. El primero es cómo pensar el orden de dominación vigente que llamamos neoliberalismo y el segundo, cómo enfrentarlo en los tiempos contemporáneos en que aquel parece persistir a través de diversos dispositivos y técnicas. El neoliberalismo ha operado como un modo de regulación, una racionalidad y una subjetividad a lo largo del tiempo. Las formas de enfrentarlo, pues, deben contemplar esa triple dimensión. Mediante el voto universal es posible solventar la primera. Para erradicarlo en las otras dimensiones se requiere, en cambio, -y esta es la hipótesis de este texto- construir un sujeto “pueblo” que pueda asumirse como fundamento, estrategia y proyecto, con el horizonte de restituir el vínculo entre soberanía popular y justicia social, en el marco de instituciones democráticas.The aim of this paper is to answer two questions. The first one is how to think about the contemporary neoliberal order, and the second, how to challenge it when it seems to persist through different devices and techniques. The neoliberalism has operated as a mode of regulation, a rationality and a subjectivity throughout time. The ways of tackling it, then, must contemplate these three dimensions. By means of elections it is possible to solve the first one. In order to face the other dimensions, it is necessary, instead - and this is the hypothesis of this paper- to build the "people" as a subject that works as foundation, strategy and project in the perspective of restoring the link between popular sovereignty and social justice, within the framework of democratic institutionsEste artigo analiza dois questões. A primeira é como pensar sobre a ordem atual de dominação que chamamos neoliberalismo e a segunda, como enfrentá-la nos tempos contemporâneos, quando parece persistir através de vários dispositivos e técnicas. O neoliberalismo tem funcionado como um modo de regulação, uma racionalidade e uma subjetividade ao longo do tempo. As formas de enfrentá-la, então, devem contemplar essa tríplice dimensão. Por meio do voto universal é possível resolver o primeiro. Para erradicá-lo nas outras dimensões, é preciso, ao invés - e esta é a hipótese deste texto -, construir um sujeito "povo" que possa tomar a forma de fundamento, estratégia e projeto, com o horizonte de restabelecer o vínculo entre soberania popular e justiça social, dentro do marco das instituições democráticas.Fil: Stoessel, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Retamozo, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentin

Desempeño morfosintáctico en niños de 5 años provenientes de una institución educativa estatal y una institución educativa privada del distrito de Comas

El estudio presentó como objetivo principal determinar si existen diferencias en el desempeño morfosintáctico entre los niños de 5 años provenientes de una institución educativa estatal y una institución educativa privada del distrito de Comas. Asimismo, se trabajó con una metodología de nivel descriptiva-comparativa, con un enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental y corte transversal. Estuvo integrado por una muestra de 86 alumnos de ambos sexos, 41 niños pertenecientes a la institución educativa estatal y 45 de la institución educativa privada del distrito de Comas, ello, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Por otro lado, para recoger datos referentes al desempeño morfosintáctico se aplicó como instrumento el Test exploratorio de gramática española de A. Toronto. Se concluyó que existen diferencias en el desempeño morfosintáctico estadísticamente significativas en función al tipo de gestión educativa. La capacidad del niño para reconocer estructuras gramaticales por medio de imágenes es mayor en instituciones privadas en comparación a los que estudian en estatales.The main objective of the study was to determine if there are differences in morphosyntactic performance between 5-year-old children from a state educational institution and a private educational institution in the district of Comas. Likewise, we worked with a descriptivecomparative level methodology, with a quantitative approach, non-experimental design and cross section. It was made an amount of 86 students of both sexes was obtained, 41 children belonging to the state educational institution and 45 from the private educational institution Comas district, this, through a non-probabilistic sampling. On the other hand, to collect data regarding morphosyntactic performance, the Exploratory Test of Spanish Grammar by A. Toronto was applied as an instrument. It was concluded that there are statistically significant differences in morphosyntactic performance depending on the type of educational management. The child's ability to recognize grammatical structures through images is greater in private institutions compared to those who study in state institutions

Clinically-useful serum biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a complex systemic disease with a silent, long-term evolution, and a heterogeneous clinical presentation. The diagnostic approach is complex with no single diagnostic test that may confirm the disease. Areas covered: A large list of serum biomarkers has been tested during the last 40 years. In this review, we analyse the potential usefulness in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis of serum biomarkers classified according to their corresponding cellular source. Expert commentary: Diagnosis of sarcoidosis must always be approached as a multistep process based on a case-by-case integration of clinical, radiological, histological and serological data, none of which being pathognomonic. We found sIL-2R, CRP, SAA and chitotriosidase to be the best markers to confirm sarcoidosis (highest sensitivity), while ACE, gammaglobulins and lysozyme may be more useful for discarding sarcoidosis (highest specificity), taking into account that with the use of a higher cut-off we can increase specificity and with a lower cut-off we can increase sensitivity. Other biomarkers (TNF-a and CCL18) could help to identify patients with an enhanced risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis or progressive disease. The future scenario of the serological diagnostic approach of sarcoidosis will be the use of multi-assays including biomarkers from different cellular sources.Fil: Ramos Casals, Manuel. Sociedad Española de Medicina; España. Instituto Clínic de Medicina y Dermatología; EspañaFil: Retamozo, Maria Soledad. Instituto Clínic de Medicina y Dermatología; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; Argentina. Instituto Modelo de Cardiología Privado; ArgentinaFil: Siso Almirall, Antoni. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer; EspañaFil: Pérez Alvarez, Roberto. Sociedad Española de Medicina; EspañaFil: Pallarés, Lucio. Sociedad Española de Medicina; España. Sarco GEAS SEMI Study Group; EspañaFil: Brito Zenón, Pilar. Sociedad Española de Medicina; España. Sarco GEAS SEMI Study Group; Españ

Post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the frequency and characteristics of post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) affected by acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: By the first week of April 2021, all centres included in the Big Data Sjögren Consortium were contacted asking for patients included in the Registry diagnosed with SARSCoV-2 infection according to the ECDC guidelines. According to the NICE definitions, symptoms related to COVID-19 were classified as acute COVID-19 (signs and symptoms for up to 4 weeks), ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (presence of signs and symptoms from 4 to 12 weeks) and post-COVID-19 syndrome (signs and symptoms that continue for > 12 weeks not explained by an alternative diagnosis after a protocolized study). RESULTS: We identified 132 patients who were followed a mean follow-up of 137.8 days (ranging from 5 days to 388 days) after being diagnosed with COVID-19. In the last visit, 75 (57%) patients remained symptomatic: 68 (52%) remained symptomatic for more than 4 weeks fulfilling the NICE definition for ongoing symptomatic post-COVID-19, and 38 (29%) remained symptomatic for more than 12 weeks fulfilling the definition of post-COVID-19 syndrome. More than 40% of pSS patients reported the persistence of four symptoms or more, including anxiety/depression (59%), arthralgias (56%), sleep disorder (44%), fatigue (40%), anosmia (34%) and myalgias (32%). Age-sex adjusted multivariate analysis identified raised LDH levels (OR 10.36), raised CRP levels (OR 7.33), use of hydroxychloroquine (OR 3.51) and antiviral agents (OR 3.38), hospital admission (OR 8.29), mean length of hospital admission (OR 1.1) and requirement of supplemental oxygen (OR 6.94) as factors associated with a higher risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome. A sensitivity analysis including hospital admission in the adjusted model confirmed raised CRP levels (OR 8.6, 95% CI 1.33-104.44) and use of hydroxychloroquine (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.00-6.47) as the key independent factors associated with an enhanced risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that analyses the frequency and characteristics of post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients affected by a systemic autoimmune disease. We found that 57% of patients with pSS affected by COVID-19 remain symptomatic after a mean follow-up of 5 months. The risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients who required hospitalisation was 8-times higher than in non-hospitalised patients, with baseline raised CRP levels and the use of hydroxychloroquine being independent risk factors for post-COVID-19.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Sarcoidosis

La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad sistémica de etiología desconocida que se caracteriza por el desarrollo de granulomas epiteloides no caseificantes. Los pulmones son los órganos más afectados (>90 % de los casos), seguidos de los ganglios linfáticos, la piel y los ojos. Esta revisión resume las principales manifestaciones clínicas y las opciones actuales de farmacoterapia. Los glucocorticoides son la primera línea de tratamiento para la sarcoidosis. Para los pacientes con las formas más severas de sarcoidosis (que necesitarán glucocorticoides durante largos períodos de tiempo) y para aquellos que son intolerantes o resistentes al tratamiento, se utilizan medicamentos inmunosupresores como agentes ahorradores de glucocorticoides. El manejo de la sarcoidosis extratorácica debe adaptarse al órgano u órgano específico involucrado;sin embargo, hay datos limitados de ensayos controlados para guiar el tratamiento de estos pacientes. La aparición de terapias biológicas ha aumentado el arsenal terapéutico disponible para tratar la sarcoidosis, siendo los agentes anti-TNF monoclonales los más prometedores, pero su uso todavía está limitado por la falta de licencias y costos.Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by the development of non-caseating epitheloid granulomas. The lungs are the most commonly involved organ (>90% of cases), followed by the lymph nodes, the skin, and the eyes. Areas covered: This review summarizes current pharmacotherapy options and future directions for the development of new therapies. Glucocorticoids are the first-line therapy for sarcoidosis. For patients with the most severe forms of sarcoidosis (who will need glucocorticoids for long periods) and for those intolerant or refractory, immunosuppressive drugs are used as sparing agents. The management of extrathoracic sarcoidosis must be tailored to the specific organ or organs involved;however, there is limited data from controlled trials to guide the treatment of these patients. The emergence of biological therapies has increased the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat sarcoidosis, with monoclonal anti-TNF agents being the most promising, but their use is still limited by a lack of licensing and costsFil: Retamozo, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; Argentina. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Brito Zeron, Pilar. Hospital Cima-sanitas; EspañaFil: Pérez Álvarez, Roberto. Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna; EspañaFil: Achad, Mario Oscar. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Pallarés, Lucio. Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna; EspañaFil: Cuestas, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Ramos Casals, Manuel. Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna; Españ

Nephrocalcinosis and proximal tubulopathy in Sjögren's Syndrome.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic and chronic autoimmune disease. Renal involvement may occur in up to 30% of patients. The incidence of tubulopathies ranges from 2.6 to 33%. They are manifested by defects in the urine concentration and hydroelectrolyte alterations, mainly distal tubular acidosis and exceptionally proximal tubular acidosis. These disorders can be associated with nephrocalcinosis and renal lithiasis.We report the case of a patient with primary Sjögren who presented proximal renal tubular acidosis associated with recurrent renal colic due to renal lithiasis and nephrocalcinosis.We highlight the importance of diagnosing renal tubular acidosis in patients with Sjögren's syndrome that present alterations in urinary sediment and electrolyte disorders to avoid nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. Acidosis correction treatment aims to prevent the progression of the disorder and preserve renal function.</p

How hepatitis C virus modifies the immunological profile of Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 783 patients.

Introduction: We conducted a study to analyze how infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) may influence the immunological serum pattern of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). Methods: Since 1994, we have tested serum HCV-IgG antibodies in 783 patients with SS diagnosed according to the 1993 European classification criteria. The immunological profile at diagnosis was compared according to the presence or absence of HCV. Results: Of the 783 patients with SS, 105 (13.4 %) tested positive for HCV-IgG antibodies (88 females, 17 males,mean age at SS diagnosis: 62.9 years). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with SS-HCV had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of low C3/C4 levels, cryoglobulins, and hematological neoplasia compared with patients without HCV. The frequency of anti-La antibodies compared with anti-Ro antibodies was higher in patients with SS-HCV (17 % vs. 15 %) and lower in patients without HCV infection (30 % vs. 43 %). The frequency of concomitant detection of the three main cryoglobulin-related markers (cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor activity, and C4 consumption) was threefold higher in patients with SS-HCV compared with patients without HCV. SS-HCV patients with genotype 1b showed the highest frequencies of immunological abnormalities related to cryoglobulins and the lowest frequencies of anti-Ro/La antibodies. Conclusions: We found HCV infection in 13 % of a large series of Spanish patients with SS. The HCV-driven autoimmune response was characterized by a lower frequency of anti-Ro/La antibodies, an abnormal predominance of anti-La among anti-Ro antibodies, and a higher frequency of cryoglobulinemic-related immunological markers in comparison with patients without HCV infection. This immunological pattern may contribute to the poor outcomes found in patients with SS-HCV