Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Introduction. Switchingfrom polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal)to clean (e.g. gas, electricity) cooking fuels can reduce household air pollution exposures and climate-forcing emissions.While studies have evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse community settings, is not well understood. Methods.We examined longitudinal survey data from 24 172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study.We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a median of 10 years offollow up (∼2005–2015).We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors contributing to primary fuel switching. Results. One-half of study households(12 369)reported changing their primary cookingfuels between baseline andfollow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7582) switchedfrom polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene)to clean (gas, electricity)fuels, 26% (3109)switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1164)switched from clean to polluting fuels and 3% (522)switched between different clean fuels

An Improved Spatial–Temporal Downscaling Method for TRMM Precipitation Datasets in Alpine Regions: A Case Study in Northwestern China’s Qilian Mountains

Remote sensing techniques provide data on the spatial–temporal distribution of environmental parameters over regions with sparse ground observations. However, the resolution of satellite precipitation data is too coarse to be applied to hydrological and meteorological research at basin scales. Downscaling research using coarse remote sensing data to obtain high-resolution precipitation data is significant for the development of basin-scale research. Here, we propose improvements to a spatial–temporal method for downscaling satellite precipitation. The improved method uses a nonlinear regression model and introduces longitude and latitude based on processed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a digital elevation model (DEM) to stimulate precipitation in the Qilian Mountains during 2006–2015. The final downscaled annual precipitation (FDAP) results are corrected by observed data to obtain corrected final downscaled annual precipitation (CFDAP) datasets. For temporal downscaling, monthly downscaled data are the corrected monthly ratio multiplied by the corresponding downscaled annual datasets. The results indicated that processed NDVI (PNDVI) reflected spatial precipitation patterns more accurately than the original NDVI. The accuracy was significantly improved when the final downscaled annual precipitation data were corrected by observed data. The average annual root mean square error (RMSE) from 2006 to 2015 of CFDAP was 66.48 and 83.07 mm less than that of FDAP and original Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data, respectively. Compared with previous methods, which use NDVI and/or DEM to downscale TRMM, the accuracy of FDAP and CFDAP from the improved method was higher, and the RMSE decreased on average by 13.63 and 80.11 mm. The RMSE of monthly data from corrected monthly ratio (CMR) decreased on average by 4.93 mm over monthly data from previous monthly ratio (PMR). In addition, the accuracy of the original satellite data affected the initial downscaling results but had no significant effects on the corrected downscaling results

Data from: Cryospheric hydrometeorology observation in the Hulu Catchment (CHOICE), Qilian Mountains, China

Understanding cryospheric hydrology and the effects of cryospheric changes on river runoff is critical for sustainable water management, especially in arid inland river basins, such as those in Northwest China, where water resources mainly come from alpine areas. A cryospheric hydrometeorology observation system (CHOICE) has been established since 2008 in the Hulu Catchment, which is a well instrumented experimental and representative catchment in the upper reaches of the inland Hei River, Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. The CHOICE includes dense meteorological measurements from 2,980 to 4,800 m a.s.l., such as glacier, snow and permafrost hydrology; water and heat balance in the vertical landscape zones, including alpine grassland, meadow, shrub, coniferous forest, marshy meadow and moraine-talus zones. The comprehensive of long-term observations available for the CHOICE provides the basis for model development and application in cryospheric hydrological research. We try to study on cryospheric hydrometeorological process of precipitation, freeze-thaw cycle, energy balance, soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT), runoff, groundwater reservoir and hydrological resiliency within vertical altitude in CHIOCE. In addition, the CHOICE of data sharing are mainly through website (http://hhsy.casnw.net/) and WestDC database (http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn/). The CHOICE, as implied by as its name, is an open cryospheric hydrology observation and research system

Data_vzj-2018-03-0058-hyo

mean monthly precipitation, mean monthly evaporation and mean daily runoff in the Hulu catchment, Qilian mountain, Chin