PENENTUAN INDIKATOR KUNCI KUALITAS TANAH PADA LAHAN AGROFORESTRI SUB-DAS KEDUANG WONOGIRI

Perubahan penggunaan lahan dari hutan menjadi lahan pertanian di kawasan hulu Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) menyebabkan degradasi lahan. Upaya pengelolaan Sub-DAS Keduang secara vegetatif dilakukan melalui pengembangan hutan rakyat, usahatani konservasi dan agroforestri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator kunci kualitas tanah pada lahan agroforestri di Sub-DAS Keduang Wonogiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan pendekatan survei dan diperoleh 9 titik sampel. Variabel yang diamati adalah bobot volume, porositas, kemantapan agregat, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia, K-tersedia, kapasitas tukar kation, pH, daya hantar listrik dan respirasi tanah. Analisis statistika menggunakan analisis korelasi dan analisis komponen utama (PCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indikator yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tanah adalah P-tersedia, bobot volume, K-tersedia dan pH. Indeks kualitas tanah hampir semua titik sampel di bawah kontrol (hutan pinus) sebesar <3.470 kecuali titik sampel 9 (agroforestri) sebesar 3.716. Perubahan penggunaan lahan dari hutan menjadi lahan pertanian dapat menurunkan kualitas tanah

Isolation of Mercury-Resistant Endophytic and Rhizosphere Microorganisms from Grasses in Abandoned Gold Mining Area

There were about 900 hotspots of artisanal and small scale gold mining (ASGM) in Indonesia that recovered gold through amalgamation and cyanidation techniques. Amalgamation technique causes mercury (Hg) pollution to the soil. This study was a preliminary study that aimed to isolate Hg-resistant endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms from pioneer grasses in the Hg-polluted soil. The most potential microorganism will be used for Hg phytoremediation in the future study. Pioneer grasses were collected from the abandoned gold mining area in Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. Total microorganisms were counted using Colony Forming Unit (CFU) or Standard Plate Count. The microorganism colony was characterized based on morphological characteristics. Hg-resistant endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms were successfully isolated from pioneer grass (Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica) in the study site. The colonies of rhizosphere microorganisms were diverse morphologically compared to endophytic microorganisms based on the number of isolated microorganisms, 20 isolates and 17 isolates, respectively. The density of rhizosphere microorganisms was higher (96%) than endophytic microorganisms (4%). The density of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi were 47x103 and 2x103 CFU g-1, respectively. However, the density of endophytic bacteria and fungi were only 2x103 and 1x103 CFU g-1, respectively. Keywords: endophytic microorganism, Hg-resistant, microorganism density, rhizosphere microorganismTerdapat sekitar 900 titik pertambangan emas skala kecil (PESK) di Indonesia yang memperoleh emas melalui teknik amalgamasi dan sianidasi. Teknik amalgamasi menyebabkan pencemaran merkuri (Hg) di tanah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan (preliminary study) yang bertujuan untuk mengisolasi mikroorganisme endofit dan rhizosfer resisten Hg dari rumput pionir yang tumbuh di tanah yang tercemar Hg. Mikroorganisme paling berpotensi akan diaplikasikan pada fitoremediasi merkuri di penelitian selanjutnya. Sampel rumput pionir diambil dari lahan pertanian bekas kawasan pertambangan emas dengan teknik amalgamasi di Desa Bonjeruk, Kecamatan Jonggat, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Total mikroorganisme dihitung menggunakan Colony Forming Unit (CFU) atau Standard Plate Count. Koloni mikroorganisme dikarakterisasi berdasarkan ciri morfologi. Mikroorganisme endofit dan rizosfer yang resisten Hg berhasil diisolasi dari rumput pionir (Cynodon dactylon dan Eleusine indica) di lokasi penelitian. Koloni mikroorganisme rizosfer sangat beragam secara morfologi dibandingkan dengan mikroorganisme endofit berdasarkan jumlah mikroorganisme terisolasi, berturut-turut 20 isolat dan 17 isolat. Kepadatan mikroorganisme rizosfer lebih tinggi (96%) dibandingkan mikroorganisme endofit (4%). Kepadatan bakteri dan jamur rizosfer masing-masing adalah 47x103 dan 2x103 CFU g-1 sedangkan kepadatan bakteri endofit dan jamur masing-masing hanya 2x103 dan 1x103 CFU g-1

Molecular Docking Approach Of Brewed Coffee Compounds As Neuroprotective Agent

Coffee is the most popular beverage in the community and the main export commodity in Indonesia. coffee has a special flavor due to roasting and brewing techniques. This study identified the potential neuroprotective effect of eight compounds in brewed coffee through acetylcholinesterase inhibition by molecular docking. Molecular docking approach was conducted in this study. Eight compounds involved 2-Ethyl- 3,5 – dimethylpyrazine, Guaiacol, 2-Isobutyl-3- methoxypyrazine, 2- Methylpropanal, 3-Methyl – 2 – butene – 1 - thiol, 3- Methylbutanal, Furaneol, and 2 – Furfurylthiol were retrieved their structure from PubChem NCBI database and redocked with acetylcholinesterase by Molegro virtual docker version 5.0. then, the docking results were visualized and analyzed by PyMol 2.3 and Discovery Studio version 21.1.1. the docking studies performed that eight brewed coffee compound showed interaction with acetylcholinesterase at the protein gate and active sites. Even the interaction was not found in catalytic triad, the interaction of ligands – protein change the conformation and prevent the breaking down of acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline. This study suggested that eight brewed coffee compounds potentially as neuroprotective effect trough blocking acetylcholinesterase protein

MAPPING OF SOIL DEGRADATION POTENCY IN PADDY FIELD WONOGIRI, INDONESIA

Sustainability of paddy field becomes the main concern as the media of biomass production, thus it is needed a data and information about land characteristics to find out its degradation. Mapping of soil degradation potency in paddy field is an identification of initial soil condition to discover the land degradation potency. Mapping was done by overlaying map of soil, slope, rainfall and land use with standard procedures to obtain its value and status of soil degradation potency. Area mapping is an effective land for biomass production (natural forest, mixed farm, savanna, paddy field, shrub and dry field) with approximately 43,291.00 hectares (ha) in Sidoharjo, Girimarto, Jatipurno, Jatisrono, Jatiroto, Tirtomoyo, Nguntoronadi and Ngadirojo District. The result shows that soil degradation potency (SDP) in Districts of Sidoharjo, Girimarto, Jatipurno, Jatisrono, Jatiroto, Tirtomoyo, Nguntoronadi and Ngadirojo are very low (DP I) 0.00 ha (0.00%), low (DP II) 20,702.47 ha (47.82%), moderate (DP III) 15,823.80 ha (36,55%), high (DP IV) 6,764.73 ha (15.63%) and very high (DP V) 0.00 ha (0.00%). Paddy field is 22,036.26 ha or about 50.90% of all area as effective biomass production, its SDP considers as low (DP II) 16,021.04 ha (37.01%) and moderate (DP III) 6,015.22 ha (13,89%). Paddy field has a low SDP because it is commonly lies on flat area and conservation method by the farmer is maintaining the paddy bund and terrace. This study needs an advanced study to identify actual SDP through detail verification in the field, and also support by soil sample analysis in the laboratory.

Soil quality status under Hazton’s paddy farming: A case study in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia

Soil quality is the ability of the soil to perform its function, such as providing nourishment to the plants. However, intensive paddy farming, such as Hazton’s paddy farming method, is suspected to deteriorate soil quality status and degrade land sustainability. This study aimed to analyze soil quality under Hazton’s paddy farming. This study was conducted on paddy fields in Banyumas Regency using a randomized block design with treatment consisting of 1) conventional method as a control, 2) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer, 3) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer + decomposer, and 4) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer + decomposer + leaf fertilizer. Soil quality was determined according to a minimum data set (MDS) that consisted of organic C, pH, total N, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), base saturation (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bacterial density, soil respiration, and C/N ratio. The MDS was scored and calculated using the soil quality index formula and then classified from very low to very high (<0.19-1). This study highlighted that the soil quality in paddy farm using Hazton’s method in Banyumas Regency ranged from low (0.444) to very low (0.308). The application of organic fertilizer is not sufficient enough to refill the nutrient pool equal to harvested plant biomass. This leads to soil quality deterioration and affects land sustainability. Therefore, yield and biomass production should be included as soil quality indicators in future studies. Additionally, further soil degradation can be avoided by continuously assessing soil quality and the necessary conservation measures for preventing and minimizing further land degradation can be applied

Siderophore Production of the Hg-Resistant Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Local Grass in the Hg-Contaminated Soil

Mercury (Hg)-contaminated soil remediation has become an urgent necessity due to its harmful effect on the environment and living organisms. The use of plant-endophyte partnership for phytoremediation demonstrates an excellent opportunity for cleaning heavy metal contaminated soil. This study aimed to screen and characterize the phenotype of the Hg-resistant endophytic bacteria from local grasses (Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica) in the Hg-contaminated soil of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia with siderophore-producing traits. Siderophore production of bacteria was qualitatively tested using overlay-chrome azurol S (O-CAS) medium and quantitatively tested using the succinic acid medium. The assay was designed using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design consisting of two factors, i.e., isolate type and incubation time with three replicates. The selected isolates were pathogenicity tested, then they were phenotypically and biochemically characterized. All tested isolates showed a positive result on changing O-CAS medium color from blue to yellow/brown that indicated hydroxamate type of siderophore. The highest siderophore production was achieved at 72 hours of incubation, by the EI5 and EI6 isolates (62.90% and 35.31%, respectively). In turn, the CD6, EI5 and EI6 isolates achieved high siderophore production at a short incubation period (48 hours). However, during the hemolysis test, only the CD6 and EI6 isolates were not pathogenic. The CD6 and EI6 isolates would be used for phytoremediation on Hg-contaminated soil in the future study. On the basis of the 16S rDNA analysis, it was shown that the CD6 isolate was Jeotgalicoccus huakuii and the EI6 isolate was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

SOIL QUALITY INDEX IN THE UPSTREAM OF BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER BASIN ACCORDING TO THE SOIL FUNCTION IN NUTRIENT CYCLING BASED ON SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN AGROFORESTRY

Over the function of the upstream region watersheds causes the soil susceptible to degradation of soil fertility. Agroforestry systems that have been implemented should be reviewed to determine their effectiveness in improving soil fertility using a soil quality index. The varieties of soybean that cultivated in the study site were Grobogan, Kaba and Argomulyo. The variables of this study consists of organic-C, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total-N, available-P, available-K, Na, Ca, Mg, base saturation and electrical conductivity (EC). Soil quality index calculation performed on selected outcome variables principal component analysis (PCA) which is then multiplied by the weights index on each PC. Selected variables from PCA consist of available-P, available-K, base saturation and pH. Soil quality index values for all types of agroforestry in the upstream of Bengawan Solo river basin (Wonogiri) is under secondary forest (<4.1) so that it can be concluded that the adoption of agroforestry in the upstream of Bengawan Solo river basin has not effect on soil quality based on soil functions in the recycling of nutrients. Mean of soybean grain yield in agroforestry system are higher than the mean of national soybean production, but there are an obstacle such as light conditions

Siderophore Production of the Hg-Resistant Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Local Grass in the Hg-Contaminated Soil

Mercury (Hg)-contaminated soil remediation has become an urgent necessity due to its harmful effect on the environment and living organisms. The use of plant-endophyte partnership for phytoremediation demonstrates an excellent opportunity for cleaning heavy metal contaminated soil. This study aimed to screen and characterize the phenotype of the Hg-resistant endophytic bacteria from local grasses (Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica) in the Hg-contaminated soil of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia with siderophore-producing traits. Siderophore production of bacteria was qualitatively tested using overlay-chrome azurol S (O-CAS) medium and quantitatively tested using the succinic acid medium. The assay was designed using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design consisting of two factors, i.e., isolate type and incubation time with three replicates. The selected isolates were pathogenicity tested, then they were phenotypically characterized. All tested isolates showed a positive result on changing O-CAS medium color from blue to yellow/brown that indicated hydroxamate type of siderophore. The highest siderophore production was achieved at 72 hours of incubation, by the EI5 and EI6 isolates (62.90% and 35.31%, respectively). In turn, the CD6, EI5 and EI6 isolates achieved high siderophore production at a short incubation period (48 hours). However, during the hemolysis test, only the CD6 and EI6 isolates were not pathogenic. The CD6 and EI6 isolates would be used for phytoremediation on Hg-contaminated soil in the future study. On the basis of the 16S rDNA analysis, it was shown that the CD6 isolate was Jeotgalicoccus huakuii and the EI6 isolate was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Response of Different Coffee-Based Agroforestry Management on Microbial Respiration and Density

Coffee agroforestry has become a land use system that provides both ecological and economic benefits, so it is managed in various ways. Pruning and fertilizer management is a combination that is applied for optimal production. However, understanding the effect of combined management on soil respiration and functional microbial populations remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of combining pruning and fertilizer management on soil respiration and functional bacterial populations as well as to elucidate the relationship between tested parameters. The study was conducted in UB Forest. A factorial randomized block design consisting of three factors, i.e., coffee pruning, type of fertilizer, and fertilizer doses was used. The results showed that combining three factors affected the diazotrophic bacterial population and soil respiration, which is sensitive to management changes. Coffee pruning and mixed fertilizer (inorganic + organic) application affected soil respiration and microbial populations, while the dose affected each parameter differently. The conducted study suggests that pruning management with mixed fertilizer application can substitute inorganic fertilizer as more environmentally sustainable management in coffee-based agroforestry

Mapping Of Soil Degradation Potency In Paddy Field Wonogiri, Indonesia

Sustainability of paddy field becomes the main concern as the media of biomass production, thus it is needed a data and information about land characteristics to find out its degradation. Mapping of soil degradation potency in paddy field is an identification of initial soil condition to discover the land degradation potency. Mapping was done by overlaying map of soil, slope, rainfall and land use with standard procedures to obtain its value and status of soil degradation potency. Area mapping is an effective land for biomass production (natural forest, mixed farm, savanna, paddy field, shrub and dry field) with approximately 43,291.00 hectares (ha) in Sidoharjo, Girimarto, Jatipurno, Jatisrono, Jatiroto, Tirtomoyo, Nguntoronadi and Ngadirojo District. The result shows that soil degradation potency (SDP) in Districts of Sidoharjo, Girimarto, Jatipurno, Jatisrono, Jatiroto, Tirtomoyo, Nguntoronadi and Ngadirojo are very low (DP I) 0.00 ha (0.00%), low (DP II) 20,702.47 ha (47.82%), moderate (DP III) 15,823.80 ha (36,55%), high (DP IV) 6,764.73 ha (15.63%) and very high (DP V) 0.00 ha (0.00%). Paddy field is 22,036.26 ha or about 50.90% of all area as effective biomass production, its SDP considers as low (DP II) 16,021.04 ha (37.01%) and moderate (DP III) 6,015.22 ha (13,89%). Paddy field has a low SDP because it is commonly lies on flat area and conservation method by the farmer is maintaining the paddy bund and terrace. This study needs an advanced study to identify actual SDP through detail verification in the field, and also support by soil sample analysis in the laboratory