Study of the arboreal component in two areas of the Submontane Rainforest in Ubatuba, São Paulo State

We studied the floristic composition and structure of the arboreal component (trees, palms and ferns with DBH equal to or greater than 4.8 cm) of two plots of Lower Montane Rain Forest in Ubatuba, SP, one with a history of selective logging and the other more preserved. We sampled 50 families, 114 genera and 193 species (four undetermined). The richest families were Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae and Sapotaceae. In the disturbed plot we sampled 104 species, 72 genera and 39 families, and in the more preserved area, 152 species, 98 genera and 43 families. There were differences in species richness, in the prevalence of their succesional status and in the structure of the areas, and the multivariate analysis allowed recognition of two floristic blocks. Among all species, 33 were exclusive of the first plot and 95 were exclusive of the second plot. Almost half of the species (45%) occurred with only one or two individuals and 29 have some degree of rarity. Five species are in the category of vulnerable in the List of brazilian plant species threatened of extinction. The differences observed between the sites studied, as well as the occurrence of rare and endangered species highlight the importance of the conservation of the area.Neste trabalho foram analisadas a composição florística e a estrutura do componente arbóreo (árvores, palmeiras e fetos arborescentes com DAP igual ou maior que 4,8 cm) de dois trechos de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana, em Ubatuba, SP, um deles com histórico de extração seletiva de madeira e o outro mais preservado. Foram amostradas 50 famílias, 114 gêneros e 193 espécies (quatro indeterminadas). As famílias mais ricas foram Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae e Sapotaceae. No trecho mais perturbado foram amostrados 104 espécies, 72 gêneros e 39 famílias e no mais preservado, 152 espécies, 98 gêneros e 43 famílias. Foram observadas diferenças na riqueza de espécies, na prevalência de suas categorias sucessionais e na estrutura das áreas, e as análises multivariadas permitiram o reconhecimento de dois blocos florísticos. Do total de espécies, 33 foram exclusivas do primeiro trecho e 95 do segundo. Quase metade das espécies (45%) ocorreram com apenas um ou dois indivíduos e 29 apresentam algum grau de raridade. Cinco espécies são vulneráveis segundo a Lista oficial das espécies da flora brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. As diferenças observadas entre os trechos estudados, bem como a ocorrência de espécies raras e ameaçadas de extinção evidenciam a importância da conservação da área.313335Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Morfologia dos estômatos em folíolos de amendoim, cultivares tatu e SO-909

Procurando conhecer a variabilidade dos estômatos ocorrentes nos folíolos do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.), cultivares Tatu e SO-909, estudaram-se os tipos de estômatos, o índice estomático e dimensões, com os germoplasmas SO-53 ('Tatu') e SO-909 (PI-259747), obtidos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Nas seções paradérmicas dos folíolos, observaram-se quatro tipos básicos de estômatos: anomocítico, anisocítico, diacítico e laterocíclico, além de estômatos geminados. Os laterocíclicos apresentaram-se com maior freqüência. Os diacíticos não são citados na literatura consultada sobre o gênero Arachis. A largura dos estômatos e o índice estomático mostraram diferenças entre os genótipos.The variability in the stomata of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) were studied in two cultivars with different responses to some of the peanut foliar diseases. The results of analysis showed four types of stomata, namely anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, and laterocyclic; in addition, the geminate stomata was also found. The highest frequencies were observed for the laterocyclics. The diacytic type has not been cited in the literature, either in the Leguminosaea family or in the genus Arachis. Differences between cultivars as the stomata width and index might produce different peanut cultivars responses to foliar fungal diseases

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de educação ambiental agrícola no centro experimental central e jardim botânico, do instituto agronômico (IAC).

Desenvolveu-se no Centro Experimental Central e Jardim Botânico (CEC&JB), do Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Campinas-SP, um modelo de Educação Ambiental Agrícola com linguagem apropriada a alunos do ensino fundamental. De forma prática e objetiva, mostraram-se os resultados das pesquisas científicas do IAC e as vantagens das boas práticas agrícolas, visando à sustentabilidade ambiental. Após levantamento de literatura, optou-se por um modelo de integração escola e campos experimentais agrícolas. O modelo foi composto pelas etapas: a) aulas teórico-práticas em classe; b) visitação aos campos agrícolas; e, c) retorno à escola para avaliação. Todas as etapas e os materiais produzidos foram filmados e avaliados pela equipe do projeto que resultará na edição de um vídeo institucional modelo, para aplicação no programa de educação ambiental agrícola do CEC&JB. O modelo aplicado aos alunos das escolas selecionadas foi considerado altamente positivo, pois ocorreu maior aproximação e interesse dos alunos ao ambiente rural regional, aumentando a sensibilidade dos envolvidos para questões da sustentabilidade ambiental na agricultura. Essa experiência será mantida pelas escolas do projeto e aperfeiçoada pelo CEC&JB em novos estudos de educação ambiental agrícola, inclusive para diversos tipos de públicos, interessados em conhecer o in locu do trabalho de pesquisa realizado pelo IAC.The aim of this study was to develop in the Centro Experimental Central e Jardim Botânico (CEC&JB), of the Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Campinas-SP, a model environmental agricultural education with appropriate language to elementary students. After surveying the literature, was made an integration model school and experimental fields. The model was composed of the stages: a) theoretical and practical lessons in class b) visits to experimental fields, and c) return to school for evaluation. All material produced in the stages above was evaluated by the project team and will result in a video institutional model for application in environmental agricultural education program on the CEC&JB. The model applied to these schools was considered highly positive, because it occurred interesting of the students to the agricultural environment, increasing the sensitivity of the questions involved in agricultural and environmental sustainability. This experience will be maintained by these schools project and will be make it better by the CEC&JB in the future and including a lot off kinds of persons, interested in finding work in locus research conducted by the IAC