A proposed translator writing system language - Computer project, volume 3, no. 1

Programming language for advanced translator writing syste

Cloud/climate sensitivity experiments

A study of the relationships between large-scale cloud fields and large scale circulation patterns is presented. The basic tool is a multi-level numerical model comprising conservation equations for temperature, water vapor and cloud water and appropriate parameterizations for evaporation, condensation, precipitation and radiative feedbacks. Incorporating an equation for cloud water in a large-scale model is somewhat novel and allows the formation and advection of clouds to be treated explicitly. The model is run on a two-dimensional, vertical-horizontal grid with constant winds. It is shown that cloud cover increases with decreased eddy vertical velocity, decreased horizontal advection, decreased atmospheric temperature, increased surface temperature, and decreased precipitation efficiency. The cloud field is found to be well correlated with the relative humidity field except at the highest levels. When radiative feedbacks are incorporated and the temperature increased by increasing CO2 content, cloud amounts decrease at upper-levels or equivalently cloud top height falls. This reduces the temperature response, especially at upper levels, compared with an experiment in which cloud cover is fixed

Simple LR/k/ grammars - Definition and implementation - Computer evolution project, volume 2, no. 4

Definition and implementation of simple LR/k/ context free grammar

Direct measurements of the effect of biomass burning over the Amazon on the atmospheric temperature profile

Aerosols suspended in the atmosphere interact with solar radiation and clouds, thus change the radiation energy fluxes in the atmospheric column. In this paper we measure changes in the atmospheric temperature profile as a function of the smoke loading and the cloudiness, over the Amazon basin, during the dry seasons (August and September) of 2005–2008. We show that as the aerosol optical depth (AOD) increases from 0.02 to a value of ~0.6, there is a decrease of ~4°C at 1000 hPa, and an increase of ~1.5°C at 850 hPa. The warming of the aerosol layer at 850 hPa is likely due to aerosol absorption when the particles are exposed to direct illumination by the sun. The large values of cooling in the lower layers could be explained by a combination of aerosol extinction of the solar flux in the layers aloft together with an aerosol-induced increase of cloud cover which shade the lower atmosphere. We estimate that the increase in cloud fraction due to aerosol contributes about half of the observed cooling in the lower layers

Aerosol effect on the distribution of solar radiation over the clear-sky global oceans derived from four years of MODIS retrievals

International audienceA four year record of MODIS spaceborne data provides a new measurement tool to assess the aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere. MODIS derives the aerosol optical thickness and microphysical properties from the scattered sunlight at 0.55?2.1 ?m. The monthly MODIS data used here are accumulated measurements across a wide range of view and scattering angles and represent the aerosol's spectrally resolved angular properties. We use these data consistently to compute with estimated accuracy of ±0.3 Wm?2 the reflected sunlight by the aerosol over global oceans in cloud free conditions. The MODIS high spatial resolution (0.5 km) allows observation of the aerosol impact between clouds that can be missed by other sensors with larger footprints. We found that over the clear-sky global ocean the aerosol reflected 5.0±0.3Wm?2 with an average radiative efficiency of 46±2 Wm?2 per unit optical thickness. The seasonal and regional distribution of the aerosol radiative effects are discussed. The analysis adds a new measurement perspective to a climate change problem dominated so far by models

Aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere over cloud free ocean derived from four years of MODIS data

Nasilje u obitelji je problem koji seže još u daleku prošlost i bilo je prisutno u raznim kulturama, no danas su jasno uočljive posljedice koje nasilje nad maloljetnicima nosi. Maloljetnici kao žrtve obiteljskog nasilja nose brojne posljedice koje ostavljaju trag na djetetu i na njegov razvoj. Najčešći oblici nasilja su fizičko, emocionalno, seksualno nasilje te zanemarivanje djece. Svaki oblik nasilja je specifičan i ostavlja posebne i duboke tragove na djeci. Fizičko nasilje je puno lakše prepoznati jer je vidljivo dok emocionalno nema fizički vidljive tragove. Emocionalno nasilje pak ostavlja dublje tragove na osobnost samog djeteta. Ono postaje nesigurnije, ne prima dovoljno ljubavi i pažnje te se posljedice uočavaju kod npr.neprimjerenog ponašanja, otežanog učenje, zatvorenosti, osjećaja nepripadnosti i sl. Koji god oblik nasilja bio prisutan u obitelji on utječe na kognitivni, socijalni i emocionalni razvoj djeteta te su državne institucije te koje trebaju prepoznati nasilje i preventivno djelovati te pružiti pomoć i podršku žrtvama nasilja.The Convention on the Rights of the Child states that it is the right of every child to grow up in a family, to feel safe, loved, protected and supported. The family should be a place where children will feel loved, where they will receive love, attention from their loved ones, a place where they will learn how to respect each other and prepare for the life ahead of them.Family violence is a problem that dates back to the distant past and has been present in various cultures, but the consequences of it are clearly visible today especially when it comes to children and their development. The most common forms of violence are physical, emotional, sexual violence and child neglect. Each form of violence is specific and leaves special and deep marks on the children. Physical violence is much easier to recognize because it is visible unlike emotional one where no physical traces are visible. Emotional violence, however, leaves deeper traces on the child's personality. It becomes more insecure, does not receive enough love and attention and the consequences are observed in inappropriatebehavior, difficult learning, closed mindedness, feelings of impatience, etc. Whatever form of violence is present in the family, it affects the cognitive, social and emotional development of the child and obligation of state institutions is to recognize violence and act preventively and provide assistance and support to victims of violence

Microphysical, Macrophysical and Radiative Signatures of Volcanic Aerosols in Trade Wind Cumulus Observed by the A-Train

Increased aerosol concentrations can raise planetary albedo not only by reflecting sunlight and increasing cloud albedo, but also by changing cloud amount. However, detecting aerosol effect on cloud amount has been elusive to both observations and modeling due to potential buffering mechanisms and convolution of meteorology. Here through a natural experiment provided by long-tem1 degassing of a low-lying volcano and use of A-Train satellite observations, we show modifications of trade cumulus cloud fields including decreased droplet size, decreased precipitation efficiency and increased cloud amount are associated with volcanic aerosols. In addition we find significantly higher cloud tops for polluted clouds. We demonstrate that the observed microphysical and macrophysical changes cannot be explained by synoptic meteorology or the orographic effect of the Hawaiian Islands. The "total shortwave aerosol forcin", resulting from direct and indirect forcings including both cloud albedo and cloud amount. is almost an order of magnitude higher than aerosol direct forcing alone. Furthermore, the precipitation reduction associated with enhanced aerosol leads to large changes in the energetics of air-sea exchange and trade wind boundary layer. Our results represent the first observational evidence of large-scale increase of cloud amount due to aerosols in a trade cumulus regime, which can be used to constrain the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in climate models. The findings also have implications for volcano-climate interactions and climate mitigation research

Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Determined by Both in Situ and Satellite Data Over a Northern High-Latitude Site

The first aerosol indirect effect over a clean, northern high-latitude site was investigated by determining the aerosol cloud interaction (ACI) using three different approaches; ground-based in situ measurements, combined ground-based in situ measurements 5 and satellite retrievals and using only satellite retrievals. The obtained values of ACI were highest for in situ ground-based data, clearly lower for combined ground-based and satellite data, and lowest for data relying solely on satellite retrievals. One of the key findings of this study was the high sensitivity of ACI to the definition of the aerosol burden. We showed that at least a part of the variability in ACI can be explained by 10 how different investigators have related dierent cloud properties to "aerosol burden"

MODIS 3km Aerosol Product: Algorithm and Global Perspective

After more than a decade of producing a nominal 10 km aerosol product based on the dark target method, the MODIS aerosol team will be releasing a nominal 3 km product as part of their Collection 6 release. The new product differs from the original 10 km product only in the manner in which reflectance pixels are ingested, organized and selected by the aerosol algorithm. Overall, the 3 km product closely mirrors the 10 km product. However, the finer resolution product is able to retrieve over ocean closer to islands and coastlines, and is better able to resolve fine aerosol features such as smoke plumes over both ocean and land. In some situations, it provides retrievals over entire regions that the 10 km product barely samples. In situations traditionally difficult for the dark target algorithm, such as over bright or urban surfaces the 3 km product introduces isolated spikes of artificially high aerosol optical depth (AOD) that the 10 km algorithm avoids. Over land, globally, the 3 km product appears to be 0.01 to 0.02 higher than the 10 km product, while over ocean, the 3 km algorithm is retrieving a proportionally greater number of very low aerosol loading situations. Based on collocations with ground-based observations for only six months, expected errors associated with the 3 km land product are determined to be greater than for the 10 km product: 0.05 0.25 AOD. Over ocean, the suggestion is for expected errors to be the same as the 10 km product: 0.03 0.05 AOD. The advantage of the product is on the local scale, which will require continued evaluation not addressed here. Nevertheless, the new 3 km product is expected to provide important information complementary to existing satellite-derived products and become an important tool for the aerosol community

Flat Plate Solar Collector Materials (and Designs with an Economic Methodology for Optimizing Collector Design)

The desirability of specific materials and designs for conventional flat-plate solar collector components is considered. Then a methodology for choosing the most economic component is presented, consisting of a computer simulation and a rate-of-return analysis. The effect of rising conventional fuel costs is examined. Examples of using the methodology are given, based on Southern California climatic and user-demand conditions. Selective absorber-plate coatings and film inner glazing are shown to be economic, yielding a rate-of-return of 23 percent and 29 percent, respectively