Comprendre un paysage et un territoire au travers d'un outil de spatialisation participatif : Cas de la zone de Mornag-Jebel Ressas

International audienceLe paysage est envisagé comme la manifestation visible du territoire, perçu et évalué par les collectivités locales. Le paysage ne renseigne pas seulement sur lui-même, mais traduit aussi plus largement les caractéristiques et les dynamiques territoriales, fonction pour laquelle il semble présenter un certain nombre de qualités opérationnelles, notamment dans le cas d'espaces– mal renseignés au plan statistique, et celui de territoires en mutation accélérée. Objet commun, partagé par tous les acteurs d'un territoire bien qu'ils s'en fassent des représentations différentes, le paysage représente de surcroît, par sa trivialité même, un support intéressant de médiation et de mobilisation des acteurs, dans le cadre des démarches participatives que prônent un nombre croissant de textes législatifs qui relèvent souvent, plus ou moins directement, du droit de l'environnement, sans que la place, le statut et les objectifs de cette participation soient toutefois toujours cernés avec précision. Cette étude vise à déterminer et à localiser les impacts du site minier sur l'environnement et le paysage de la zone Mornag-Jebel Ressas et à les confronter aux perceptions et aux croyances de la collectivité locale. Elle traduit spatialement les préférences paysagères des acteurs, telles qu'elles sont identifiées par la méthode de zonage à dires d'acteurs .Cette méthode de cartographie participative présente les résultats de perceptions subjectives. L'observation du paysage, dans cette perspective, apparaît alors comme un moyen de susciter des discours d’acteurs sur le territoire concerné en vue de construire un diagnostic ou encore de déterminer les enjeux et de tracer les grandes lignes d’un projet éco-paysager

Origine du paysage andalou dans le nord-ouest tunisien

Le paysage, concept très vaste, est considéré comme le produit d’une multitude d’interventions dont l’action de l’être humain reste la plus importante, du fait qu’elle décide de son destin et de son apparence. Testour jouissait du statut de « plus grand centre morisque » de la Tunisie à l’aube du xviie siècle. Cela lui a valu d’être la référence, quant à l’apport de cette communauté dans les régions de leur implantation.À travers des pratiques et des usages acquis et ramenés de leur Espagne natale, les morisques de Testour ont contribué d’une manière irrécusable au changement de l’ensemble du paysage testourien et de ses environs. Ce paysage vécu, dans lequel ils évoluent, et par lequel ils affichent leur appartenance et leur identité, est construit suivant un modèle ancré dans leurs mémoires. Il acquiert donc une valeur symbolique et emblématique pour l’ensemble de la communauté morisque. Ils ont ainsi généré un genre nouveau de « paysage », insolite et inaccoutumé pour l’ensemble de la Tunisie de l’époque, un paysage construit suivant le modèle hispano-andalou.The landscape, which is known to be a wide concept, is considered to be the product of a multitude of interventions to which the contribution of man remains the most significant, owing to the fact that it decisively determines its destiny and its appearance.By the beginningof the 17th century, Testour was named the “greatest moriscos’ center” in Tunisia. This “coronation” allowed it to become a reference for the contribution of this community in the areas of their establishment.Thanks to the practices and uses acquired and brought back with them from their native Spain, the moriscos of Testour contributed by an incontestable way to the change of the whole Testourian landscape and its surroundings. This landscape, where the moriscos used to live, has been built following a model etched in their memories, and through which they exist, and by which they declare their membership and their identity. Moriscos were the propellers of the genesis of a new kind of “landscape” based on the Spanish-Andalusian model. Such landscape was unusual and unique for the whole Tunisia of that time

Évolution des modèles d’implantation de la villégiature sur le littoral tunisois

La transformation des côtes de la région de Tunis en un littoral attractif, émaillé de quelques lieux de villégiature, est le fruit de conditions socioculturelles et économiques particulières. Le changement des perceptions et des mentalités nécessaire à la construction de ces lieux de loisirs s’est opéré progressivement sur quelques sites privilégiés entre la première moitié du xviiie siècle et la fin du xixe siècle. En moins d’un siècle, des stations balnéaires très convoitées se sont développées, accompagnées d’une frénésie pour la plage et les bains de mer. L’expression de ce nouvel engouement s’est manifestée en Tunisie par la construction de palais de plaisance, de résidences estivales, puis de fronts urbains littoraux. Ces nouvelles implantations ont été faites par étapes donnant naissance à plusieurs modèles urbains et transformant une région abandonnée en des embryons puis en de véritables lieux d’une villégiature bourgeoise ou populaire estivale.The transformation of the coasts of the region of Tunis into an attractive shoreline, with a few holiday resorts, is the result of particular socio-cultural and economic conditions and circumstances. Changes in both perceptions and mentalities, needed to build these places of leisure activities, took place gradually in selected and privileged sites during the period between the first half of the eighteenth century and the late nineteenth century. Within less than a century, highly coveted seaside resorts have been developed associated with a new passion for sea bathing and beach activities. This enthusiasm was illustrated in Tunisia by the construction of many recreational palaces and summer residences. These new settlements, built according to a step-by-step process, have generated several urban models transforming an abandoned area to an authentic touristic and resort destination for the upper middle classes as well as a popular place for summer leisure

Paisaje agrario en contextos periurbanos mediterráneos: el caso del Gran Sousse (Túnez)

La protección de la agricultura periurbana mediante la zonificación de determinados suelos como no urbanizables por los instrumentos de planificación urbanística y territorial resulta insuficiente frente a las fuertes presiones de usos residenciales, industriales, infraestructurales y, en ocasiones, turísticos que provocan su fragilidad. En este texto se aborda la potencialidad del paisaje para activar este tipo de agricultura que se desenvuelve bajo influencia urbana directa y se adopta el Landscape Character Assessment como metodología sistemática de identificación y caracterización de los paisajes de la agricultura periurbana del Gran Sousse, la principal aglomeración urbana y turística del Sahel tunecino, con objeto de su evaluación, ordenación y promoción. Se adopta la noción de carácter del paisaje y se relaciona con las políticas públicas de gestión de los espacios agrarios periurbanos tunecinos y la percepción social, mediante entrevistas a una muestra de actores locales y regionales. Se analiza la diversidad paisajística concretada en Áreas Paisajísticas de Agricultura Periurbana (APAP), caracterizadas a partir de su particular fisonomía, y de los principales elementos y funcionamiento pasado y presente. El estudio concluye con la propuesta de un proyecto de paisaje como infraestructura verde, que implica un modelo de gestión de conflictos de acuerdo con las necesidades propias del paisaje, de los agricultores y de la población que lo percibe y lo utiliza como espacio abierto, fortaleciendo su función de productor de alimentos de calidad y de proximidad, como un ejercicio de participación y gobernanza territorial

Transition Pathway Toward Agroecology in Agroforestry Systems: Case of Kesra

The mountain of Kesra is located at an altitude of 1245 m with a very uneven relief. It belongs to the upper semi-arid bioclimatic stage. The range of soils is very diverse due to the extreme variability of substrates, climates, and plant species. Despite the richness of natural resources and heritage, and the ancestral know-how of local populations, the region of Kesra, continues to suffer from economic and social underdevelopment. Standard applications, which do not take into account the specificities of each area, often do not achieve the objectives of ecodevelopment and sustainability. The application of a holistic agroecological transition approach in this rural mountain area requires an inclusive co-design which takes into consideration the socio-ecological context (Natural resources use, agricultural practices, agroforestry, etc.). So, the main objective was to define and build context-specific agroecological transition pathways throw a solid methodology which combines literature review, consultation, and focus group discussions. The visioning approach was conducted with 12 farmers from the community to reflect on the state of agriculture in Kesra and to identify a desirable future of agriculture in 10 years (2022-2032) from their own perspective. This vision was discussed and debated referred to the 13 principals of agroecology. The AE transition pathway identified in Kesra suggests an emphasis on the diversification of local and natural based products to insure synergies between system components as a basis of a swift transition. The resulting impact pathway promotes increasing resilience to market and climate change, economic autonomy, diversifying market, and promotion of local products. Based on this approach and other research activities a set of actions will be executed during 2023 and 2024 to monitor the co-designed transition pathways and to scaling-up the agroecological transition in the mountainous areas like Kesra

Visualizing urban sprawl effects of a Tunisian city: a new urban spatial configuration of Monastir

The purpose of this research is to study the dynamics associated with the physical transformations of the Tunisian city of Monastir between 1956 and 2013. Beyond the description and classification of urban forms of three different phases of Monastir’s development, this research evaluates how urban changes underwent a rapid growth. The objective is to identify how the transformations undergone, from its original Medina transformation project to the contemporary city, can be apprehended using the underlying urban configuration and its evolution. The main question to address is as follows: how configurational urban changes over time have an impact on the way humans are connected throughout the organization of the city? As a theoreticalbackground and methodology, our research is based on the theory of Social Logic of Space, and that considers the city as a dynamic system, and acknowledges circulation as the driving force behind urban morphological change. The series of investigations developed by our case study reveal the urban planning influence on the urban sprawl of the city of Monastir. It also shows the importance of centralities and accessibility of the urban forms and their effect on the distribution of land uses, and the role of the central/periphery dualism

Futuro de la gestión integrada “aguas residuales tratadas/agricultura periurbana” en Túnez. Caso del perímetro de riego público (PRP) de Zaouia (Susa)

Treated wastewater (TWW) was a resource and its use in arid and semi-arid countries is a topical question of an international level. The article addresses the integrated management process "treated wastewater / peri-urban agriculture" in Tunisia, and its environmental and social conflicts. The research is based on the combination of landscape assessment method, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), and interviews with farmers in the public irrigated perimeter (PIP) of Zaouia, which allows the characterization of the landscape of the area of study and explain the perception of farmers, especially, about the use of treated wastewater and its interaction with other actors in the territory. The results will be a tool for making the decision and developing the commitment between treated wastewater and peri-urban agriculture.Les eaux usées traitées étaient des ressources et leur utilisation dans les pays arides et semi-arides est une question internationale. L'article traite du processus de gestion intégrée «eaux usées traitées / agriculture périurbaine» en Tunisie et de ses conflits environnementaux et sociaux. La recherche est basée sur la combinaison de la méthode d'évaluation du paysage, Évaluation du caractère du paysage (ACV) et des entretiens avec des agriculteurs de la zone d'irrigation publique (ZRP) de Zaouia, qui permet de caractériser le paysage de la région. étudier et expliquer la perception des agriculteurs, en particulier, de l'utilisation des eaux usées traitées et de leurs interactions avec les autres acteurs du territoire. Les résultats seront un outil d'aide à la décision et développeront le compromis entre les eaux usées traitées et l'agriculture périurbaine.Le acque reflue trattate erano risorse e il suo uso nei paesi aridi e semi-aridi è una questione internazionale. L'articolo tratta del processo di gestione integrata "acque reflue trattate / agricoltura peri-urbana" in Tunisia e dei suoi conflitti ambientali e sociali. La ricerca si basa sulla combinazione del metodo di valutazione del paesaggio, la valutazione dei caratteri del paesaggio (LCA) e le interviste con gli agricoltori nell'area pubblica di irrigazione (ZRP) di Zaouia, che consente la caratterizzazione del paesaggio dell'area studiare e spiegare la percezione degli agricoltori, in particolare, sull'uso delle acque reflue trattate e sulla sua interazione con altri attori nel territorio. I risultati saranno uno strumento decisionale e svilupperanno il compromesso tra acque reflue trattate e agricoltura peri-urbana.As águas residuais tratadas eram recursos e seu uso em países áridos e semi-áridos é uma questão internacional. O artigo trata do processo de gestão integrada “águas residuais tratadas / agricultura periurbana” na Tunísia e seus conflitos ambientais e sociais. A pesquisa é baseada na combinação do método de avaliação da paisagem, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) e entrevistas com agricultores na área de irrigação pública (ZRP) de Zaouia, que permite a caracterização da paisagem da área. estudar e explicar a percepção dos agricultores, em especial, sobre o uso de águas residuárias tratadas e sua interação com outros atores do território. Os resultados serão uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão e desenvolverão o compromisso entre as águas residuais tratadas e a agricultura periurbana.LLas aguas residuales tratadas eran recursos y su uso en los países áridos y semiáridos es una pregunta de nivel internacional. El artículo aborda el proceso de gestión integrada “aguas residuales tratadas/agricultura periurbana” en Túnez, y sus conflictos ambientales y sociales. La investigación se basa en la combinación del  método de evaluación del paisaje, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), y las entrevistas realizadas con los agricultores de la zona de riego público (ZRP) de Zaouia, lo que permite la caracterización de los paisajes del ámbito de estudio y explicar la percepción de los agricultores, especialmente, sobre el uso de las aguas residuales tratadas y su interacción con otros actores del territorio. Los resultados será una herramienta de toma de la decisión y desarrollar el compromiso entre las aguas residuales tratadas y la agricultura periurbana

2/2 ©Science and Education Publishing An Approach to Tunisian Tourism According to the Political Changes between 2011 and 2016

Abstract Following the Jasmin revolution in Tunisia in January 2011, the country had difficulty keeping its touristic clients according to different causes. Adding that the history of the Tunisian Tourism shows that "mass tourism" is one of the main characteristic of the touristic product. Today, this kind of tourism is no longer competitive comparing to the new aspect of globalization. In addition, with a revenue, less than 50% during these years, the professionals of the sector have found themselves in a position of weakness in front of foreign tour operators, always forced to lower the prices so as not to lose their tourists. The Tunisian government finds difficulties in order to divert the seaside offer, based on the three formulas (sand, sea, sun), towards a seductive alternative product. Given the decline in the coastal supply, tour operators apply their powers to dismiss the Tunisian market by focusing on arguments related to the low level of the promoted product, and political changes. Given these barriers, hotels faced harsh financial difficulties, high debt levels, inadequate funding and the downgrading of hotels due to deteriorating quality. This paper studies the various causes of tourism degradation in Tunisia and the challenges of the tourism sector due to the political change such as the security outlook, which become uncertain and is facing significant challenges particularly with terrorism and civil unrest

O futuro da gestão integrada “águas residuais tratadas / agricultura periurbana” na Tunísia. Caso do perímetro público de irrigação (PRP) de Zaouia (Susa)

Treated wastewater (TWW) was a resource and its use in arid and semi-arid countries is a topical question of an international level. The article addresses the integrated management process "treated wastewater / peri-urban agriculture" in Tunisia, and its environmental and social conflicts. The research is based on the combination of landscape assessment method, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), and interviews with farmers in the public irrigated perimeter (PIP) of Zaouia, which allows the characterization of the landscape of the area of study and explain the perception of farmers, especially, about the use of treated wastewater and its interaction with other actors in the territory. The results will be a tool for making the decision and developing the commitment between treated wastewater and peri-urban agriculture.LLas aguas residuales tratadas eran recursos y su uso en los países áridos y semiáridos es una pregunta de nivel internacional. El artículo aborda el proceso de gestión integrada “aguas residuales tratadas/agricultura periurbana” en Túnez, y sus conflictos ambientales y sociales. La investigación se basa en la combinación del  método de evaluación del paisaje, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), y las entrevistas realizadas con los agricultores de la zona de riego público (ZRP) de Zaouia, lo que permite la caracterización de los paisajes del ámbito de estudio y explicar la percepción de los agricultores, especialmente, sobre el uso de las aguas residuales tratadas y su interacción con otros actores del territorio. Los resultados será una herramienta de toma de la decisión y desarrollar el compromiso entre las aguas residuales tratadas y la agricultura periurbana.Les eaux usées traitées étaient des ressources et leur utilisation dans les pays arides et semi-arides est une question internationale. L'article traite du processus de gestion intégrée «eaux usées traitées / agriculture périurbaine» en Tunisie et de ses conflits environnementaux et sociaux. La recherche est basée sur la combinaison de la méthode d'évaluation du paysage, Évaluation du caractère du paysage (ACV) et des entretiens avec des agriculteurs de la zone d'irrigation publique (ZRP) de Zaouia, qui permet de caractériser le paysage de la région. étudier et expliquer la perception des agriculteurs, en particulier, de l'utilisation des eaux usées traitées et de leurs interactions avec les autres acteurs du territoire. Les résultats seront un outil d'aide à la décision et développeront le compromis entre les eaux usées traitées et l'agriculture périurbaine.Le acque reflue trattate erano risorse e il suo uso nei paesi aridi e semi-aridi è una questione internazionale. L'articolo tratta del processo di gestione integrata "acque reflue trattate / agricoltura peri-urbana" in Tunisia e dei suoi conflitti ambientali e sociali. La ricerca si basa sulla combinazione del metodo di valutazione del paesaggio, la valutazione dei caratteri del paesaggio (LCA) e le interviste con gli agricoltori nell'area pubblica di irrigazione (ZRP) di Zaouia, che consente la caratterizzazione del paesaggio dell'area studiare e spiegare la percezione degli agricoltori, in particolare, sull'uso delle acque reflue trattate e sulla sua interazione con altri attori nel territorio. I risultati saranno uno strumento decisionale e svilupperanno il compromesso tra acque reflue trattate e agricoltura peri-urbana.As águas residuais tratadas eram recursos e seu uso em países áridos e semi-áridos é uma questão internacional. O artigo trata do processo de gestão integrada “águas residuais tratadas / agricultura periurbana” na Tunísia e seus conflitos ambientais e sociais. A pesquisa é baseada na combinação do método de avaliação da paisagem, Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) e entrevistas com agricultores na área de irrigação pública (ZRP) de Zaouia, que permite a caracterização da paisagem da área. estudar e explicar a percepção dos agricultores, em especial, sobre o uso de águas residuárias tratadas e sua interação com outros atores do território. Os resultados serão uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão e desenvolverão o compromisso entre as águas residuais tratadas e a agricultura periurbana

Organisation des agriculteurs et des systèmes agricoles dans les territoires urbains et périurbains

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