120 research outputs found

    Ethik in der Notfallmedizin

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    Alter Patient - (k)ein Grund zur Sorge?: Ethische Fragen im Lichte empirischer Daten

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    Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und inwiefern das Alter des Patienten bei Therapieentscheidungen eine Rolle spielt. Material und Methoden: Als empirische Grundlage werden aktuelle Daten aus 2Interviewstudien zu ethischen Fragen in der Rettungs- und Intensivmedizin bzw. der Geriatrie herangezogen sowie eine Fragebogenstudie bei AllgemeinĂ€rzten und Internisten (ambulant und stationĂ€r tĂ€tig) in 4 europĂ€ischen LĂ€ndern. Ergebnisse: Demnach besteht Evidenz, dass das Alter des Patienten faktisch durchaus ein wirksamer Faktor bei der Therapieentscheidung bis hin zum Vorenthalten adĂ€quater Maßnahmen ist. Zu unterscheiden ist dabei zwischen einer Wirksamkeit des Faktors Alter einerseits und der Legitimation, Therapie nach dem Alter des Patienten zuzuteilen oder vorzuenthalten. Ob eine solche Unterscheidung nach Alter ethisch akzeptabel ist, wird international kontrovers beurteilt. Die Daten der Studien werden im Lichte ethischer Argumente diskutiert. Schlussfolgerung: Nach einer Übersicht ĂŒber das FĂŒr und Wider der Altersrationierung wird die Schlussfolgerung vertreten, dass die Argumente gegen eine Diskriminierung nach Alter ĂŒberwiegen. Die Arbeit schließt mit (ethischen) Empfehlungen fĂŒr die Praxi

    Ethische Kompetenz im Rettungsdienst: Ausbildung professioneller Helfer - Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie in Basel

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    Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Ziel der Studie war es, die ethischen Dimensionen von Reanimationsentscheidungen im Rettungsdienst zu untersuchen. Methode: Ein qualitatives Studiendesign wurde entwickelt, um ethische Entscheidungskriterien, persönliche Wertvorstellungen und Bedarf an Aus- und Weiterbildung zu erfragen. Mit Rettungsdienstmitarbeitern in Basel wurden 30 strukturierte Interviews gefĂŒhrt und nach der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: NotĂ€rzte und RettungssanitĂ€ter beziehen eine Vielzahl ethischer Überlegungen in ihre Entscheidungen mit ein. Die Mehrheit Ă€ußerte Interesse an ethischer Schulung oder forderte sogar eine stĂ€rkere Verankerung ethischer Inhalte in Aus- und Weiterbildung. Schlussfolgerung: Konzepte fĂŒr die Vermittlung medizinischer Ethik sollten den BedĂŒrfnissen professioneller Helfer und den besonderen Gegebenheiten des Rettungsdienstes Rechnung trage

    The role of patients in European Clinical Ethics Consultation

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    editorialClinical ethics committees and consultation services have existed in many European countries for over two decades. Many different modes of operation have emerged, each reflecting a particular health and socio-political context. As additional clinical ethics services become established, the role of patients and their relatives is attracting increased attention. In North America, patient involvement has been theoretically lauded and recommended by policy, but nevertheless is often neglected in practice.1 In Europe, this issue has not yet received a great deal of attention, although the importance of listening to the patient's voice has been recognized for some time.2 Despite this, patients have diverse involvement in European clinical ethics support. Patients or their relatives can, for example: be members of a clinical ethics committee; be notified when an ethics consultation is requested; or be involved in ethical deliberation to the same extent as clinicians. At the 4th International Conference on Clinical Ethics and Consultation,3 Professor Stella Reiter-Theil convened an expert panel to discuss: ‘Whether and how to involve patients and relatives in clinical ethics support’. Panellists from across Europe4 used a case study to engage in a lively and interactive discussion on the different approaches to patient involvement in clinical ethics consultation.This article was written by Dr Ainsley Newson during the time of her employment with the University of Bristol, UK (2006-2012). Self-archived in the Sydney eScholarship Repository with permission of Bristol University, Sept 2014

    The role of patients in European Clinical Ethics Consultation

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    Clinical ethics committees and consultation services have existed in many European countries for over two decades. Many different modes of operation have emerged, each reflecting a particular health and socio-political context. As additional clinical ethics services become established, the role of patients and their relatives is attracting increased attention. In North America, patient involvement has been theoretically lauded and recommended by policy, but nevertheless is often neglected in practice.1 In Europe, this issue has not yet received a great deal of attention, although the importance of listening to the patient's voice has been recognized for some time.2 Despite this, patients have diverse involvement in European clinical ethics support. Patients or their relatives can, for example: be members of a clinical ethics committee; be notified when an ethics consultation is requested; or be involved in ethical deliberation to the same extent as clinicians. At the 4th International Conference on Clinical Ethics and Consultation,3 Professor Stella Reiter-Theil convened an expert panel to discuss: ‘Whether and how to involve patients and relatives in clinical ethics support’. Panellists from across Europe4 used a case study to engage in a lively and interactive discussion on the different approaches to patient involvement in clinical ethics consultation.This article was written by Dr Ainsley Newson during the time of her employment with the University of Bristol, UK (2006-2012). Self-archived in the Sydney eScholarship Repository with permission of Bristol University, Sept 2014

    Futility: ein Begriff im chirurgischen Alltag?

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    Zusammenfassung: Ethisch anspruchsvolle Indikationsstellungen bei Patienten, die ihren Willen nicht selbst Ă€ußern können, wie beispielsweise schwer demenzkranke Patienten, konfrontieren uns hĂ€ufig. Es stellt sich hierbei die Frage, ob wir mit operativen Eingriffen eine Übertherapie vollziehen. Der Begriff "futility" der Medizinethik beschreibt Übertherapie, ist allerdings fĂŒr eine konkrete Anwendung problematisch, da eine exakte Definition fehlt. In der klinischen Situation von schwer demenzkranken, hochbetagten Patienten muss in chirurgischen Abteilungen eine Aufarbeitung von medizinischem Hintergrund, LebensumstĂ€nden des Patienten und belegtem oder mutmaßlichem Patientenwillen erfolgen mit dem Ziel, Indikationen individualisiert zu stellen. Nur so können diese Patienten optimal versorgt werden, eine klare Kommunikation ĂŒber Behandlungsziele mit Angehörigen stattfinden sowie eine Vermeidung eines "burn out" bei den Behandelnden erreicht werden. Von großem Nutzen ist hierbei eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit Medizinethiker

    Reflecting on the reasons pros and cons coercive measures for patients in psychiatric and somatic care: The role of clinical ethics consultation. A pilot study

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    Background and aim: Coercive measures in patient care have come under criticism leading to implement guidelines dedicated to the reduction of coercion. This development of bringing to light clinical ethics support is hoped to serve as a means of building up awareness and potentially reducing the use of coercion. This study explores the specific features of ethics consultation (EC) while dealing with coercion. Material and method: Basel EC documentation presents insight to all persons involved with a case. The EC database of two Basel university hospitals was developed on the grounds of systematic screening and categorization by two reviewers. One hundred fully documented EC cases databased from 2013 to 2016 were screened for the discussion of coercive measures (somatic hospital and psychiatry: 50% cases). Results: Twenty-four out of 100 EC cases addressed coercion in relation to a clinically relevant question, such as compulsory treatment (70.8%), involuntary committal (50%), or restricting liberty (16.6%). Only 58.3% of EC requests mentioned coercion as an ethical issue prior to the meeting. In no case was patient decisional capacity given, capacity was impaired (43.5%), not given (33.3%), or unclear (21.7%; one not available). Discussion: As clinical staff appears sensitive to perceiving ethical uncertainty or conflict, but less prepared to articulate ethical concern, EC meetings serve to "diagnose" and "solve" the ethical focus of the problem(s) presented in EC. Patient decisional incapacity proved to be an important part of reasoning, when discussing the principle of harm prevention. While professional judgment of capacity remains unsystematic, rationality or even ethicality of decision making will be hampered. The documented EC cases show a variety of decisions about whether or not coercion was actually applied. Ethical reasoning on the competing options seemed to be instrumental for an unprejudiced decision complying with the normative framework and for building a robust consensus. Conclusions: The recommendation is whether EC should be used as a standard practice whenever coercion is an issue-ideally before coercion is applied, or otherwise. Moreover, more efforts should be made toward early and professional assessment of patient capacity and advance care counseling including the offer of advance directives

    The role of relatives in decisions concerning life-prolonging treatment in patients with end-stage malignant disorders: informants, advocates or surrogate decision-makers?

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    Background: This study examines the extent to which relatives of severely ill cancer patients are involved in the decision to limit treatment (DLT), their role in communicating patient wishes and the incidence of and reasons for disagreement with relatives. Patients and methods: This cohort study followed 70 patients with terminal cancer, for whom a limitation of life-prolonging treatment was being considered. ‘Embedded researchers' recorded patients' wishes and the relatives' roles and disagreements with DLT. Results: Although 63 out of 70 patients had relatives present during their care, only 32% of relatives were involved in DLT. Physicians were more likely to know the end-of-life (EOL) preferences for those patients who had visiting relatives than those without them (78% versus 29%, P = 0.014). Most relatives supported patients in voicing their preferences (68%), but one-third acted against the known or presumed wishes of patients (32%). Disagreements with patients' relatives occurred in 21% of cases, and predominantly when relatives held views that contradicted known patient preferences (71% versus 7%, P = 0.001). Conclusion: If relatives are to play an important part in EOL decision making, we must devise strategies to recognise their potential as patients' advocates as well as their own need

    Ethical difficulties in clinical practice : experiences of European doctors

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    Background: Ethics support services are growing in Europe to help doctors in dealing with ethical difficulties. Currently, insufficient attention has been focused on the experiences of doctors who have faced ethical difficulties in these countries to provide an evidence base for the development of these services. Methods: A survey instrument was adapted to explore the types of ethical dilemma faced by European doctors, how they ranked the difficulty of these dilemmas, their satisfaction with the resolution of a recent ethically difficult case and the types of help they would consider useful. The questionnaire was translated and given to general internists in Norway, Switzerland, Italy and the UK. Results: Survey respondents (n = 656, response rate 43%) ranged in age from 28 to 82 years, and averaged 25 years in practice. Only a minority (17.6%) reported having access to ethics consultation in individual cases. The ethical difficulties most often reported as being encountered were uncertain or impaired decisionmaking capacity (94.8%), disagreement among caregivers (81.2%) and limitation of treatment at the end of life (79.3%). The frequency of most ethical difficulties varied among countries, as did the type of issue considered most difficult. The types of help most often identified as potentially useful were professional reassurance about the decision being correct (47.5%), someone capable of providing specific advice (41.1%), help in weighing outcomes (36%) and clarification of the issues (35.9%). Few of the types of help expected to be useful varied among countries. Conclusion: Cultural differences may indeed influence how doctors perceive ethical difficulties. The type of help needed, however, did not vary markedly. The general structure of ethics support services would not have to be radically altered to suit cultural variations among the surveyed countries

    Klinische Alltagsethik - UnterstĂŒtzung im Umgang mit moralischem Disstress?: Evaluation eines ethischen Entscheidungsfindungsmodells fĂŒr interprofessionelle klinische Teams

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    Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Hochleistungsmedizin und Kostenrationierung können zu moralischem Disstress und Burn-out-Syndromen fĂŒhren - mit z.T. schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen fĂŒr die direkt Betroffenen, die QualitĂ€t der Patientenversorgung und die Institutionen. Das multimodale Modell METAP (Modul, Ethik, Therapieentscheide, Allokation, Prozess) wurde als maßgeschneiderte klinische Alltagsethik entwickelt und unterstĂŒtzt die interprofessionelle ethische Entscheidungsfindung. Die Besonderheit des Modells liegt in der Ausbildung einer Ethikkompetenz im Umgang mit schwierigen Therapieentscheiden. METAP wurde zur QualitĂ€tsprĂŒfung evaluiert. Methode: Es wurde untersucht, ob METAP im Umgang mit moralischem Disstress UnterstĂŒtzung bietet. Auf 3 intensivmedizinischen und 3 geriatrischen Abteilungen wurden 24 Ärzte, 44 Pflegende und 9 Personen anderer Berufsgruppen in 33 Einzel- und 9 Gruppeninterviews befragt. Ein zusĂ€tzlicher Fragebogen wurde von 122 Personen (RĂŒcklauf: 57 %) beantwortet. Ergebnisse: Zwei Drittel der Interview- sowie 55 % der Fragebogenaussagen zeigen, dass durch METAP als klinische Alltagsethik der Umgang mit moralischem Disstress unterstĂŒtzt wird. Dies gilt v.a. in der interdisziplinĂ€ren Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit sowie der Explikation und Evaluation von Behandlungszielen. METAP wirkt bei Personen, die selten mit ethischen Problemen konfrontiert sind oder das Verfahren noch nicht lange genug anwenden, nicht unterstĂŒtzend. Schlussfolgerungen: Moralischer Disstress ist bis zu einem gewissen Grad unvermeidbar und muss als interprofessionelles Problem angegangen werden. Eine klinische Alltagsethik zur Förderung von ethischer Entscheidungskompetenz kann gezielte UnterstĂŒtzung leisten
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