Die Interaktion des Pilzes <i>Chaetomium globosum</i> mit der Gerste (Hordeum vulgare) und dem Echten Gerstenmehltau (<i>Erysiphe graminis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i>)

In den vorliegenden histologischen und serologischen Untersuchungen konnte eine endophytische Besiedlung von Gerstenwurzeln durch den Saprophyt Chaetomium globosum aufgezeigt werden. Ausgehend von der Rhizosphäre erfolgte die Ausbreitung des Pilzes inter- und intrazellulär in der Epidermis und in den äußeren Schichten des Rindenparenchyms. Gleichzeitig konnten Abwehrreaktionen der Pflanze in Form von Zellwandverbräunungen, hemisphärischen und papillenähnlichen Zellwandauflagerungen, anamorphen Substanzen im Interzellularraum und einer Autofluoreszenz der unmittelbar an die Hyphen angrenzenden Zellwände beobachtet werden. Der Nachweis von C. globosum in den Wurzeln gelang im Gegensatz zur Histologie nicht mittels einer Oberflächensterilisation des Gewebes, da die einzig effektive Methode zur Abtötung oberflächlich anhaftender Ascosporen gleichzeitig auch zur Abtötung der im Pflanzengewebe gelegenen Hyphen führte. Eine Blattspreitenbesiedlung durch C. globosum konnte in allen durchgeführten Untersuchungen nicht gefunden werden. Hinweise auf Wirkungsmechanismen der in diesem Zusammenhang schon bekannten Resistenzerhöhung der Pflanze gegenüber Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei wurden durch die beobachteten induzierten Abwehrreaktionen in der Wurzel speziell in einer verstärkten Pathogenabwehr gesucht. Es konnte keine verringerte Penetration der Epidermiszellen und keine verringerte Reproduktion des Pathogens bei Besiedlung der Wurzeln mit C. globosum, jedoch eine reduzierte E. graminis Konidienanhaftung an die Blattoberfläche festgestellt werden. Es wird deshalb ein induziertes und systemisch transloziertes Signal vermutet, das die Konidienkeimung und damit die Anhaftung von E. graminis f. sp. hordei an die Blattoberfläche in einem sehr frühen Stadium der Pathogenese verringert.The interaction of the fungus Chaetomium globosum with the powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei on barley (Hordeum vulgare)Using histological and serological techniques, it could be shown that the saprotrophic fungus Chaetomium globosum is able to grow endophytically in barley roots. The fungus colonized the epidermis and the outermost cortex layers inter- and intracellularly. The colonization always originated from the rhizosphere. The inter- and intracellular growth was accompanied by host responses including autofluorescence and brown discoloration of cell walls, anamorphic substances in intercellular spaces and hemispherical or papilla like protuberances of cell walls adjacent to hyphae. In contrast to the histological findings C. globosum could not be found growing endophytically by means of surface sterilization techniques. The only sterilant being effective to ascospores on the plant surface penetrated the epidermal root tissue and caused damage to this area. Consequently, C. globosum hyphae growing in this tissue could not be detected. Using microscopical and serological methods, no colonization of leaf blades could be found. To determine the mode of action leading to the reduced disease severity of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, which was described previously, increased plant defense responses in the primary leaves induced by defense responses in the roots were investigated. However, neither a reduced successful penetration of the epidermis by E. graminis nor an altered reproduction of the pathogen could be found in plants colonized by C. globosum. In contrast, a general reduction of attached conidia was found on the leaf surfaces of plants colonized by C. globosum compared to mock treated controls. This observation indicates for a C. globosum inducible, and systemically diffusible signal which acts on early stages of pathogenesis, i.e. the attachment of konidiospores to the leaf surface, via an altered conidial germination

O CONCEITO JURÍDICO DA FRATERNIDADE IMPRESSO NA FUNÇÃO SOCIAL DOS CONTRATOS

A Revolução Francesa proclamou a sua célebre tríade: fraternidade, igualde e liberdade. Durante muito tempo o direito preocupou-se em normatizar somente direitos relativos à liberdade e à igualdade. Hoje, sobre as bases do Estado Democrático de Direito, em que a dignidade da pessoa humana é um dos alicerces do sistema, surge a necessidade de reaver o conceito da fraternidade perdido no tempo. Isto porque a sociedade proclama a necessidade de respeitar os direitos individuais de liberdade, assegurando a todos o mínimo existencial. Acredita-se que justamente a fraternidade pode exercer este papel, materializando-se através de institutos jurídicos, como por exemplo, a função social dos contratos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que envolve Direito Civil, Direito Constitucional e História do Direito. Portanto, foi desenvolvida uma análise bibliográfica do entrelaçamento dos conceitos-chave  fraternidade, função social dos contratos e dignidade da pessoa humana -, ao Estado Democrático de Direito. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a possibilidade de, no princípio da função social dos contratos, localizar um emprego jurídico da fraternidade. Sendo, ao final, possível afirmar que não somente o instituto da função social dos contratos, mas também outros podem ser considerados inspirados no uso jurídico da fraternidade

The Butterfly Fauna Of The Italian Maritime Alps:Results Of The &#171;Edit&#187; Project

Bonelli, Simona, Barbero, Francesca, Casacci, Luca Pietro, Cerrato, Cristiana, Balletto, Emilio (2015): The butterfly fauna of the Italian Maritime Alps: results of the EDIT project. Zoosystema 37 (1): 139-167, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n1a6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2015n1a

Bordetella evades the host immune system by inducing IL-10 through a type III effector, BopN

The inflammatory response is one of several host alert mechanisms that recruit neutrophils from the circulation to the area of infection. We demonstrate that Bordetella, a bacterial pathogen, exploits an antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to evade the host immune system. We identified a Bordetella effector, BopN, that is translocated into the host cell via the type III secretion system, where it induces enhanced production of IL-10. Interestingly, the BopN effector translocates itself into the nucleus and is involved in the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Using pharmacological blockade, we demonstrated that BopN-induced IL-10 production is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to block the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. We also showed that BopN blocks nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κBp65) but, in contrast, promotes nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50. A BopN-deficient strain was unable to induce IL-10 production in mice, resulting in the elimination of bacteria via neutrophil infiltration into the pulmonary alveoli. Furthermore, IL-10–deficient mice effectively eliminated wild-type as well as BopN mutant bacteria. Thus, Bordetella exploits BopN as a stealth strategy to shut off the host inflammatory reaction. These results explain the ability of Bordetella species to avoid induction of the inflammatory response

LTR Retrotransposons in Fungi

Transposable elements with long terminal direct repeats (LTR TEs) are one of the best studied groups of mobile elements. They are ubiquitous elements present in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Their number and state of conservation can be a highlight of genome dynamics. We searched all published fungal genomes for LTR-containing retrotransposons, including both complete, functional elements and remnant copies. We identified a total of over 66,000 elements, all of which belong to the Ty1/Copia or Ty3/Gypsy superfamilies. Most of the detected Gypsy elements represent Chromoviridae, i.e. they carry a chromodomain in the pol ORF. We analyzed our data from a genome-ecology perspective, looking at the abundance of various types of LTR TEs in individual genomes and at the highest-copy element from each genome. The TE content is very variable among the analyzed genomes. Some genomes are very scarce in LTR TEs (<50 elements), others demonstrate huge expansions (>8000 elements). The data shows that transposon expansions in fungi usually involve an increase both in the copy number of individual elements and in the number of element types. The majority of the highest-copy TEs from all genomes are Ty3/Gypsy transposons. Phylogenetic analysis of these elements suggests that TE expansions have appeared independently of each other, in distant genomes and at different taxonomical levels. We also analyzed the evolutionary relationships between protein domains encoded by the transposon pol ORF and we found that the protease is the fastest evolving domain whereas reverse transcriptase and RNase H evolve much slower and in correlation with each other

Comments On The Valid Name For The Butterfly Known As \u27colias Alfacariensis Ribbe, 1905\u27 Or (Colias Australis Verity, 1911) (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

Volume: 47Start Page: 129End Page: 13

Jahresbericht über das Humanistische Gymnasium Speyer : für das Schuljahr ... / Über Bedeutung und Verwendung der Präpositionen ob und propter : eine lexikalisch-semasiologische Untersuchung

von K. ReissingerErschienen: 1.1897 - 2.190

Zur Tagfalterfauna des Chanchamayogebietes in Peru. Teil 1. Einleitung Pieridae

Volume: 13Start Page: 71End Page: 14