Relações Estado-Sociedade e políticas de saúde

Este artigo traz uma reflexão sobre Saúde Pública enquanto conceito político, uma atividade ligada à organização geral da sociedade. Por esse conceito todas as ações institucionais de saúde são consideradas "públicas", por sua relevância social e sua participação no interesse geral. Desse modo, deveriam ser reguladas por uma normatividade socialmente definida e sujeitas ao controle social institucionalizado. Com base nesse conceito, o estudo traz uma proposta teórico-metodológica de análise dos determinantes sociais econômicos e políticos que, interativamente, afetam as políticas sociais, com um esquema conceituai do qual derivam três categorias de análise: o de Esfera Pública - neste estudo entendida como o espaço interinstitucional, multidisciplinar e popular de discussão e decisão sobre o processo saúde/doença/morte da população. O de Fundo Público, o pressuposto principal da viabilidade das políticas sociais e o de Padrão de Financiamento Público, definido pelas prioridades e pela direção dada pelos Governos aos fundos públicos. A Reforma Sanitária Brasileira e seus desdobramentos posteriores são adotados como exemplo de estudos dessa natureza.<br>This article presents a reflection on Public Health as a political concept, an activity linked to the general organisation of society. From this frame of reference all institutional actions are considered "public" for their social relevance and participation of general interest. They should then both be ruled by socially defined normativiness and subjected to the institucionalised social control. Based on this concept the study brings the proposition of a theorico-methodological analysis of socio-economic and political determinants. These interactively affect the social policies with a conceptual framework from which derive three categories of analysis. First the Public Sphere - here understood as institutional, muldidiciplinary and popular space for discussion and decision on population health/illness/death processes. Next the Public Fund Sphere - the main social policy viability pressuposition, and finally the Public Funding Pattern defined by the directives and prioriries given by the governments to public funds. Brazilian Sanitary Reform and its further unfolding are adopted as examples of studies of this nature

Cistus ladanifer phytostabilizing soils contaminated with non-essential chemical elements

Cistus ladanifer L. is one of the spontaneous species from Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) considered promising for phytostabilisation of mining areas. Although the plant–soil relationships of some potentially hazardous elements (e.g. As, Pb, Cu and Zn) are known, for other elements also potentially hazardous and non-essential this information is scarce. However, in soils with multielemental contamination and for landscape rehabilitation processes, these elements should also be considered. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the potential of C. ladanifer in the phytostabilisation of the soils, developed on different contaminated substrata (e.g. mine wastes, schists and greywackes or their mixtures) and containing non-essential elements (Al, Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Sb and Sr), from three Portuguese IPB mining areas (Caveira, Lousal and São Domingos). The uptake, accumulation and translocation of these non-essential elements and their influence on the concentrations of beneficial elements (Co, Na and Se) and major nutrients were studied. Multielemental contaminated soils from the three mining areas had high total concentrations of some non-essential elements (Ba and Sb for the three mines and Se for Caveira and São Domingos). Soil available fraction of the studied elements were usually small (1) of the studied elements (even the non-essentials), but small accumulation in the shoots (mg/kg−Ag, Bi, Sb and Se: <1.6; Ba, Cd, Co and Sr: 0.05–37.8; Al and Na: 49–2503), independently of the mine area. Elemental concentrations in the shoots were below the limit values indicated for phytotoxicity and toxicity for domestic animals intake. Although the statistical negative influence of Ag, Sb and Sr on the concentrations of the beneficial elements (Na) and nutrients (Ca and Fe) in roots or shoots had been obtained, no visual symptoms was observed in the plants. Cistus ladanifer plants from the studied populations can be considered non-accumulators and excluders of Al, Ag, Ba, Bi, Sr and Sb (soil-plant transfer coefficient≪1) and beneficial elements. Although plants from São Domingos and, in some cases, from Caveira can be accumulators of Cd, the concentrations of Cd in the shoots were small (<0.2 mg/kg) and did not represent any environmental risk. Due to its adaptability, tolerance and standard plant behaviours in the three mining areas, C. ladanifer will be a good choice for phytostabilisation of soils contaminated with non-essential elements