Negotiators' cognition: An experimental study on bilateral, integrative negotiation

Many negotiations offer a potential for integrative agreements in which the parties can maximize joint gains (through logrolling) without competing for resources as in a 0-sum game; nevertheless negotiators often fail to exploit this potential and settle for suboptimal, distributive agreements. In this study a situation of two-issues bilateral negotiation has been considered. Our aim is to get some insight on the causes that prevent negotiators from reaching integrative, Pareto-optimal agreements. We ran two experiments (one with policy makers and one with students) in which we tested the "fixed pie bias" of negotiators, and we introduced a new explanation for suboptimality, based on the hypothesis of a satisficing (not optimizing) behavior of negotiators, which leads them to a "zone of agreement bias"(ZAB). --integrative negotiation,logrolling,cognitive bias,satisficing

Coalition formation in multilateral negotiations with a potential for logrolling: An experimental analysis of negotiators' cognition processes

In the present study we analyse the topic of coalition formation in multi-issue multilateral negotiations under different voting rules when there is the opportunity of logrolling. We have carried out 3 experiments and compare our findings with the standard public choice theory predictions. In the first experiment we have shown that in a situation of 3-issues and 3-parties negotiations with majority rule, most of the subjects behave in a satisficing, not in a optimizing, way. They are found to be subject to a "Zone of Agreement Bias" (ZAB) which induces them to form suboptimal coalitions and to choose Pareto-dominated agreements. Moreover, we find that the cycling problem predicted by public choice theory in most cases does not arise. In experiment 2 we have shown that the adoption of the unanimity, instead of the majority, rule reduced the suboptimizing effect of the ZAB, and produced a much higher rate of optimal agreements. Experiment 3 shows that the results obtained in experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the negotiation problem increases. To this aim we considered a situation of four-issues and four-parties negotiations under both the majority and the unanimity rule. --

From Subjective Expected Utility Theory to Bounded Rationality: An Experimental Investigation on Categorization Processes in Integrative Negotiation, in Committees' Decision Making and in Decisions under Risk

As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this work has been to get a more realistic understanding of economic decision making processes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach which takes into consideration at the same time economic and psychological issues. The research in particular has been focused on the psychological concept of categorization, which in the standard economic theory has received until now no attention, and on its implications for decision making. The three experimental studies conducted in this work provide empirical evidence that individuals don not behave according to the perfect rationality and maximization assumptions which underly the SEUT, but rather as bounded rational satisfiers who try to simplify the decision problems they face through the process of categorization. The results of the first experimental study, on bilateral integrative negotiation, show that most of the people categorize a continuum of outcomes in two categories (satisfying/not satisfying), and treat all the options within each category as equivalent. This process of categorization leads the negotiators to make suboptimal agreements and to what I call the ?Zone of Agreement Bias? (ZAB). The experimental study on committees? decision making with logrolling provides evidence of how the categorization of outcomes in satisfying/not satisfying can affect the process of coalition formation in multi-issue decisions. In the first experiment, involving 3-issues and 3-parties decisions under majority rule, the categorization of outcomes leads most of the individuals to form suboptimal coalitions and make Pareto-dominated agreements. The second experiment, aimed at comparing the suboptimizing effect of categorization under majority and unanimity rule, shows that the unanimity rule can lead to a much higher rate of optimal agreements than the majority rule. The third experiment, involving 4-issues and 4-parties decisions provides evidence that the results of experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the decision problem increases

El uso de una escape room como recurso docente en la Facultad de Farmacia

[EN] Escape Rooms are educational resources that are being used by many educators, fostering elements of collaboration that help in social skills development. In this study, a multidisciplinary Escape Room has been developed as an educational tool in order to improve students learning and prepare them for the future of professional practice. 145 students and 12 professors belonging to 8 different areas of knowledge from the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Seville participated in this activity. Through this innovation, a student-teacher feedback has been created, improving their relationship and learning from each other. The results obtained through satisfaction surveys show the great acceptance that the escape room had among the students, being the study valued with an overall score of 4.83/5. Although 93% of the students considered the activity of high/very high difficulty, 100% of them emphasize that this tool encourages teamwork and 86.9% consider that it reinforces knowledge. This study has awakened students motivation and interest in the subjects involved, strengthening learning and knowledge of the fundamental concepts acquired, and promoting teamwork and problem solving.[ES] Las Escape Rooms son un tipo de recurso que está siendo utilizado por muchos educadores, propiciando elementos de colaboración que ayudan a desarrollar habilidades sociales. En este estudio se ha desarrollado una Escape Room multidisciplinar como herramienta educativa con el fin de mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y prepararlos para el futuro de la práctica profesional. Participaron 145 alumnos y 12 profesores adscritos a 8 áreas de conocimiento distintas de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Sevilla. Mediante esta innovación se ha producido una retroalimentación alumno-profesor, mejorando su relación y aprendiendo mutuamente. Los resultados obtenidos mediante encuestas de satisfacción muestran la gran aceptación que ha tenido la Escape Room entre los alumnos, siendo el estudio valorado con una puntuación general de 4,83/5. A pesar de que el 93% de los alumnos consideró la actividad de alta/muy alta dificultad, el 100% de los mismos destacan que esta herramienta fomenta el trabajo en equipo y el 86,9% considera que refuerza los conocimientos. Este estudio ha despertado en los alumnos la motivación e interés por las asignaturas implicadas, fortaleciendo el aprendizaje y conocimiento de los conceptos fundamentales adquiridos, y propiciando el trabajo en equipo y la resolución de problemas.Gutiérrez Praena, D.; Rios -Reina, R.; Ruiz, R.; Talero, E.; Callejón, R.; Callejón, RM.; Casas, M.... (2019). El uso de una escape room como recurso docente en la Facultad de Farmacia. En IN-RED 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10356OCS1145115

Mowat-Wilson syndrome : growth charts

Background Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of theZEB2gene. It is characterized by moderate-severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, Hirschsprung disease and multiple organ malformations of which congenital heart defects and urogenital anomalies are the most frequent ones. To date, a clear description of the physical development of MWS patients does not exist. The aim of this study is to provide up-to-date growth charts specific for infants and children with MWS. Charts for males and females aged from 0 to 16 years were generated using a total of 2865 measurements from 99 MWS patients of different ancestries. All data were collected through extensive collaborations with the Italian MWS association (AIMW) and the MWS Foundation. The GAMLSS package for the R statistical computing software was used to model the growth charts. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference were compared to those from standard international growth charts for healthy children. Results In newborns, weight and length were distributed as in the general population, while head circumference was slightly smaller, with an average below the 30th centile. Up to the age of 7 years, weight and height distribution was shifted to slightly lower values than in the general population; after that, the difference increased further, with 50% of the affected children below the 5th centile of the general population. BMI distribution was similar to that of non-affected children until the age of 7 years, at which point values in MWS children increased with a less steep slope, particularly in males. Microcephaly was sometimes present at birth, but in most cases it developed gradually during infancy; many children had a small head circumference, between the 3rd and the 10th centile, rather than being truly microcephalic (at least 2 SD below the mean). Most patients were of slender build. Conclusions These charts contribute to the understanding of the natural history of MWS and should assist pediatricians and other caregivers in providing optimal care to MWS individuals who show problems related to physical growth. This is the first study on growth in patients with MWS.Peer reviewe

From Subjective Expected Utility Theory to Bounded Rationality: An Experimental Investigation on Categorization Processes in Integrative Negotiation, in Committees' Decision Making and in Decisions under Risk

As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this work has been to get a more realistic understanding of economic decision making processes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach which takes into consideration at the same time economic and psychological issues. The research in particular has been focused on the psychological concept of categorization, which in the standard economic theory has received until now no attention, and on its implications for decision making. The three experimental studies conducted in this work provide empirical evidence that individuals don not behave according to the perfect rationality and maximization assumptions which underly the SEUT, but rather as bounded rational satisfiers who try to simplify the decision problems they face through the process of categorization. The results of the first experimental study, on bilateral integrative negotiation, show that most of the people categorize a continuum of outcomes in two categories (satisfying/not satisfying), and treat all the options within each category as equivalent. This process of categorization leads the negotiators to make suboptimal agreements and to what I call the ?Zone of Agreement Bias? (ZAB). The experimental study on committees? decision making with logrolling provides evidence of how the categorization of outcomes in satisfying/not satisfying can affect the process of coalition formation in multi-issue decisions. In the first experiment, involving 3-issues and 3-parties decisions under majority rule, the categorization of outcomes leads most of the individuals to form suboptimal coalitions and make Pareto-dominated agreements. The second experiment, aimed at comparing the suboptimizing effect of categorization under majority and unanimity rule, shows that the unanimity rule can lead to a much higher rate of optimal agreements than the majority rule. The third experiment, involving 4-issues and 4-parties decisions provides evidence that the results of experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the decision problem increases

From Subjective Expected Utility Theory to Bounded Rationality An Experimental Investigation on Categorization Processes in Integrative Negotiation, in Committees' Decision Making and in Decisions under Risk

As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this work has been to get a more realistic understanding of economic decision making processes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach which takes into consideration at the same time economic and psychological issues. The research in particular has been focused on the psychological concept of categorization, which in the standard economic theory has received until now no attention, and on its implications for decision making. The three experimental studies conducted in this work provide empirical evidence that individuals don not behave according to the perfect rationality and maximization assumptions which underly the SEUT, but rather as bounded rational satisfiers who try to simplify the decision problems they face through the process of categorization. The results of the first experimental study, on bilateral integrative negotiation, show that most of the people categorize a continuum of outcomes in two categories (satisfying/not satisfying), and treat all the options within each category as equivalent. This process of categorization leads the negotiators to make suboptimal agreements and to what I call the ?Zone of Agreement Bias? (ZAB). The experimental study on committees? decision making with logrolling provides evidence of how the categorization of outcomes in satisfying/not satisfying can affect the process of coalition formation in multi-issue decisions. In the first experiment, involving 3-issues and 3-parties decisions under majority rule, the categorization of outcomes leads most of the individuals to form suboptimal coalitions and make Pareto-dominated agreements. The second experiment, aimed at comparing the suboptimizing effect of categorization under majority and unanimity rule, shows that the unanimity rule can lead to a much higher rate of optimal agreements than the majority rule. The third experiment, involving 4-issues and 4-parties decisions provides evidence that the results of experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the decision problem increases

App: Aire + Limpio Estrategia global para generar y mejorar la calidad de aire

Con la finalidad de aportar una estrategia para afrontar el grave problema de la polución y, por ende, mejorar la calidad del aire que sufren nuestras principales ciudades (Pardos, 2006), se proponen 10 palabras las cuales empiezan por la letra R: cada una tiene un propósito y una metodología que, por medio de ciertas actividades, permite llegar al objetivo principal. Estas palabras, en conjunto, forman la estrategia 10R y son: Recompensar: generando más áreas verdes (sembrar y cuidar árboles, evitar la tala (Mares, 2017)); Revalorizar: por medio de energías limpias (uso de energía solar, energía eólica); Rediseñar: lograr mayor eficiencia energética (aumentar la eficiencia de la energía, pérdidas que ocasionan polución); Reemplazar: evitar el transporte convencional incorporando el uso de transporte limpio (caminatas, bicicletas, patinetas); Reformular: incorporar el uso de productos que no generen emisiones (hábitos de exigir productos que no generen gases, olores, emisiones); Reducir: hacer purificación de combustible convencional (consumo de combustibles con bajo azufre o sin plomo (No$ak, 2002)); Renovar: realizar mayor y estricta exigencia de controles a vehículos e industrias (conciencia para las revisiones técnico-mecánicas, catalizadores, purificadores en vehículos e industrias); Refabricar: hacer uso de tecnologías correctivas eficaces para la industria y las ciudades (basados en la cuarta revolución industrial); Respetar: hacer uso de protección contra polución (No$ak, 2010) (mascarillas, cremas); Reorientar: incorporar negocios de oxígeno líquido para los ciudadanos (para tener aire limpio, consumo de oxígeno en cualquier presentación). El propósito de este proyecto fue incorporar e implementar dichas palabras en la aplicación móvil 10R, por medio de la modalidad con recursos TIC, los cuales facilitan el proceso y la manera de acceder a dichas estrategias que podrían generar un gran cambio en el planeta