Desempenho do pomeleiro "marsh seedles" enxertado em trifoliata inoculado com viróides no Brasil

Alguns viróides reduzem o crescimento dos citros e podem ser usados para o controle do tamanho das plantas objetivando a instalação de pomares adensados que podem ter maior produtividade que os pomares com espaçamentos convencionais. Para estudar o efeito da inoculação de viróides no desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade dos frutos de pomeleiro 'Marsh Seedless' (Citrus paradisi Macf.) enxertado em trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], foi instalado um experimento em Janeiro de 1991, em Bebedouro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e duas plantas por parcela: viróides dos citros (CEVd + CVd-II + CVd-III) e (CVd-II + CVd-III) e testemunhas: enxertia de duas borbulhas sadias (testemunha) e sem enxertia (testemunha absoluta). A inoculação foi feita no campo, seis meses após o plantio, por enxertia de borbulhas. Ambos isolados reduziram o crescimento das árvores (diâmetro do tronco, altura da planta diâmetro e volume da copa). As árvores não inoculadas produziram mais que as inoculadas nas onze colheitas realizadas, mas as produtividades foram similares. A qualidade dos frutos foi afetada pela inoculação de viróides, mas não de maneira restritiva. O uso de isolados ananicantes severos não deve ser recomendado para plantios de alta densidade de pomelo enxertado em trifoliata.Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolates Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and controls: two healthy buds (control), and no grafting (absolute control). Inoculation was done in the field, six months after planting by bud grafting. Both isolates reduced tree growth (trunk diameter, plant height, canopy diameter and volume). Trees not inoculated yielded better (average of eleven harvests) than inoculated ones but the productivity was the same after 150 months. Fruit quality was affected by viroids inoculation but not in a restrictive way. The use of such severe dwarfing isolates for high density plantings of grapefruit on trifoliate orange rootstock is not recommended

Política de inovação no Complexo Eletrônico: o papel da Portaria 950/06 MCT

Bibliografia: p. 94-95A Portaria 950/06 do Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) vem sendo concedida todos os anos desde 2006 como forma de atestar e incentivar o projeto e o desenvolvimento de produtos e equipamentos com base eletrônica no país. Tal instrumento tem sido utilizado por diversos orgãos do governo como ferramenta de política industrial e tecnológica e se encerra no conjunto de incentivos previstos para as empresas contempladas pela Lei de Informática. No momento em que as discussões em torno da renovação dessa lei e da Lei da Zona Franca de Manaus estão em pauta, a investigação do grupo de empresas que têm a portaria em seu(s) produto(s) é importante para compreender se e como os instrumentos de incentivo à inovação para o setor podem ser aperfeiçoados no país. O artigo utilizou as bases de informação das empresas beneficiárias da Lei de Informática do MCTI para avaliar em que medida as empresas que têm Portaria 950 se diferenciam das empresas que não têm o instrumento em nenhum de seus produtos. Ademais, uma pesquisa foi feita diretamente com as empresas que dispõem do referido instrumento. As conclusões apontam para um nível de agregação de valor no país e esforço de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação (P,D&I) superiores para as empresas que têm a Portaria 950

Trifoliata Flying Dragon: Porta-enxerto para plantios adensados e irrigados de laranjeiras doces de alta produtividade e sustentabilidade.

bitstream/item/77671/1/Comunicado-152.pdf(Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura. Comunicado técnico, 152)

Quality of life of medicine students in the pandemic: a prospective observational cross-sectional study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had major impacts on the mental and psychological health of young students. Stress, anxiety, depression, and a sedentary lifestyle are some of the consequences generated during the necessary social isolation. In this way, medical education has transformed due to the current Covid 19 epidemic, which has affected students and teachers of medical education in the country. In this way, the present research intends to collect data to evaluate the affected areas of the students in terms of quality of life, health, and other areas of their lives, thus being able to bring new information that can be used for a better approach to the theme. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of life of medical students during the pandemic through the application of a remote questionnaire

Columnar cells necessary for motion responses of wide-field visual interneurons in Drosophila

Wide-field motion-sensitive neurons in the lobula plate (lobula plate tangential cells, LPTCs) of the fly have been studied for decades. However, it has never been conclusively shown which cells constitute their major presynaptic elements. LPTCs are supposed to be rendered directionally selective by integrating excitatory as well as inhibitory input from many local motion detectors. Based on their stratification in the different layers of the lobula plate, the columnar cells T4 and T5 are likely candidates to provide some of this input. To study their role in motion detection, we performed whole-cell recordings from LPTCs in Drosophila with T4 and T5 cells blocked using two different genetically encoded tools. In these flies, motion responses were abolished, while flicker responses largely remained. We thus demonstrate that T4 and T5 cells indeed represent those columnar cells that provide directionally selective motion information to LPTCs. Contrary to previous assumptions, flicker responses seem to be largely mediated by a third, independent pathway. This work thus represents a further step towards elucidating the complete motion detection circuitry of the fly

Breastfeeding in Bolivia – information and attitudes

BACKGROUND: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the attitudes of the mother and her family towards breastfeeding and the actual feeding pattern in a Bolivian population. A second objective was to study the relationship between breastfeeding information, specified according to source and timing, and feeding pattern. METHODS: Cross-sectional interviews with 420–502 Bolivian mothers with an infant less than or equal to 1 year of age. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, use of prelacteal food and/or colostrum were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The attitudes of the mother, her partner (the infant's father) and the infant's grandmother towards breastfeeding did not influence the infant feeding pattern. Women who had received breastfeeding information from health care personnel before birth or on the maternity ward breastfed exclusively for a longer duration (adjusted p = 0.0233) and avoided prelacteal food to a greater extent (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.42; 95% confidence interval for adjusted odds ratio (95% CI AOR) = 0.23–0.72). Information from a doctor before birth or on the maternity ward was associated with less use of prelacteal food (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI AOR = 0.31–0.93), an increased use of colostrum (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI AOR = 1.16–9.37), but was not linked to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.1767). CONCLUSION: The current study indicates that breastfeeding information delivered by health care personnel in a non-trial setting may affect the infant feeding pattern including the use of prelacteal foods and colostrum. There was no evidence that the attitudes of the mother, or the infant's father or grandmother influenced actual feeding behavior. The lack of a "negative or neutral attitude" towards breastfeeding in the participants of the current study does, however, diminish the chances to link attitude to feeding behavior

An Image-Free Opto-Mechanical System for Creating Virtual Environments and Imaging Neuronal Activity in Freely Moving Caenorhabditis elegans

Non-invasive recording in untethered animals is arguably the ultimate step in the analysis of neuronal function, but such recordings remain elusive. To address this problem, we devised a system that tracks neuron-sized fluorescent targets in real time. The system can be used to create virtual environments by optogenetic activation of sensory neurons, or to image activity in identified neurons at high magnification. By recording activity in neurons of freely moving C. elegans, we tested the long-standing hypothesis that forward and reverse locomotion are generated by distinct neuronal circuits. Surprisingly, we found motor neurons that are active during both types of locomotion, suggesting a new model of locomotion control in C. elegans. These results emphasize the importance of recording neuronal activity in freely moving animals and significantly expand the potential of imaging techniques by providing a mean to stabilize fluorescent targets

Neural Representations of Airflow in Drosophila Mushroom Body

The Drosophila mushroom body (MB) is a higher olfactory center where olfactory and other sensory information are thought to be associated. However, how MB neurons of Drosophila respond to sensory stimuli other than odor is not known. Here, we characterized the responses of MB neurons to a change in airflow, a stimulus associated with odor perception. In vivo calcium imaging from MB neurons revealed surprisingly strong and dynamic responses to an airflow stimulus. This response was dependent on the movement of the 3rd antennal segment, suggesting that Johnston's organ may be detecting the airflow. The calyx, the input region of the MB, responded homogeneously to airflow on. However, in the output lobes of the MB, different types of MB neurons responded with different patterns of activity to airflow on and off. Furthermore, detailed spatial analysis of the responses revealed that even within a lobe that is composed of a single type of MB neuron, there are subdivisions that respond differently to airflow on and off. These subdivisions within a single lobe were organized in a stereotypic manner across flies. For the first time, we show that changes in airflow affect MB neurons significantly and these effects are spatially organized into divisions smaller than previously defined MB neuron types

Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Is Required for Neurogenesis in the Developing Central Nervous System of Zebrafish

10.1371/journal.pone.0063757PLoS ONE85

Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (pfcrt) Exon 2 Haplotypes in the Pacific from 1959 to 1979

Nearly one million deaths are attributed to malaria every year. Recent reports of multi-drug treatment failure of falciparum malaria underscore the need to understand the molecular basis of drug resistance. Multiple mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) are involved in chloroquine resistance, but the evolution of complex haplotypes is not yet well understood. Using over 4,500 archival human serum specimens collected from 19 Pacific populations between 1959 and 1979, the period including and just prior to the appearance of chloroquine treatment failure in the Pacific, we PCR-amplified and sequenced a portion of the pfcrt exon 2 from 771 P. falciparum-infected individuals to explore the spatial and temporal variation in falciparum malaria prevalence and the evolution of chloroquine resistance. In the Pacific, the prevalence of P. falciparum varied considerably across ecological zones. On the island of New Guinea, the decreases in prevalence of P. falciparum in coastal, high-transmission areas over time were contrasted by the increase in prevalence during the same period in the highlands, where transmission was intermittent. We found 78 unique pfcrt haplotypes consisting of 34 amino acid substitutions and 28 synonymous mutations. More importantly, two pfcrt mutations (N75D and K76T) implicated in chloroquine resistance were present in parasites from New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) eight years before the first report of treatment failure. Our results also revealed unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity in pfcrt exon 2 prior to the historical chloroquine resistance selective sweep, particularly in areas where disease burden was relatively low. In the Pacific, parasite genetic isolation, as well as host acquired immune status and genetic resistance to malaria, were important contributors to the evolution of chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum