A novel emaravirus comprising five RNA segments is associated with ringspot disease in oak

We report the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a novel virus in ringspot-diseased common oak (Quercus robur L.). The newly identified pathogen is associated with leaf symptoms such as mottle, chlorotic spots and ringspots on diseased trees. High-throughput sequencing (HTS, Illumina RNASeq) was used to explore the virome of a ringspot-diseased oak that had chlorotic ringspots of suspected viral origin on leaves for several years. Bioinformatic analysis of the HTS dataset followed by RT-PCR enabled us to determine complete sequences of four RNA genome segments of a novel virus. These sequences showed high similarity to members of the genus Emaravirus, which includes segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses of economic importance. To verify the ends of each RNA, we conducted rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). We identified an additional genome segment (RNA 5) by RT-PCR using a genus-specific primer (PDAP213) to the conserved 3´ and 5´termini in order to amplify full-length genome segments. RNA 5 encodes a 21-kDa protein that is homologous to the silencing suppressor P8 of High Plains wheat mosaic virus. The five viral RNAs were consistently detected by RT-PCR in ringspot-diseased oaks in Germany, Sweden, and Norway. We conclude that the virus represents a new member of the genus Emaravirus affecting oaks in Germany and in Scandinavia, and we propose the name “common oak ringspot-associated emaravirus” (CORaV).FAZIT Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003099Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659European Cooperation in Science and Technology http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000921Projekt DEALPeer Reviewe

Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

55 Pág.In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through the Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infec tious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. U.J.B. was supported by the Division of Intramural Resarch, NIAID. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S and T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Centre, a federally funded research and development centre operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowl edges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1021494. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of the Army, the U.S. Department of Defence, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S and T), or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. The U.S. departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S.Government retains a non-exclusive, paid up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.Peer reviewe

Identification of an Emaravirus in a Common Oak (Quercus robur L.) Conservation Seed Orchard in Germany

We observed the health status of oak trees in a conservation seed orchard for over twenty years, focusing on characteristic virus-suspected symptoms. The orchard was established in 1992 in Kreuztal, North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) with 1302 seedlings in 186 clusters. The number of seedlings showing chlorotic ringspots and mottle on leaves has fluctuated annually, but has increased from 3.3% to 12.1% in the last 20 years; the number of affected clusters has risen from 8% to 25.9%. A scientific breakthrough was the identification of a novel virus related to members of the genus Emaravirus in diseased oak by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Screening of the oak seedlings in three consecutive years, using a newly established virus-specific diagnostic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), confirmed the virus infection and revealed a close to 100% association between the observed leaf symptoms and the novel virus. As no other plant virus could be identified in the HTS-datasets, we assume the novel virus is primarily causing the symptoms. To reliably detect the novel virus in oaks, RT-PCR targeting the viral RNA3 or RNA4 should be applied in routine testing of symptomatic leaf tissue. It was obvious that most groups with virus-infected plants cluster, with only five out of the 42 affected groups being offside, not bordering on other affected groups of plants. There was no clear correlation between the detection of the virus and the overall vitality of the seedlings. There was no relation between seedling performance and presence or absence of viral infection. Forecasts on the future growth behavior of these virus-infected oak trees are therefore not possible.Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftEuropean Cooperation in Science and TechnologyFAZIT StiftungPeer Reviewe

Characterization of a Novel Emaravirus Affecting Ash Species (Fraxinus spp.) in Europe

We identified a novel virus in diseased European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and manna ash (F. ornus) trees exhibiting chlorotic ringspots, mottle and leaf deformation such as curling and shoestring symptoms. High-throughput sequencing (HTS, Illumina RNASeq) of total RNA isolated from diseased leaf material in combination with RT-PCR-based amplification techniques and Sanger sequencing determined five complete genome segments, each encoding a single open reading frame. Sequence analyses of RNA1–RNA5 revealed a genome organization typical for emaraviruses, i.e., (i) conserved and complementary terminal 5′ and 3′ termini of each genome segment (ii) proteins showing significant homologies to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) encoded by RNA1, the glycoprotein precursor (GPP) encoded by RNA2, the viral nucleocapsid protein (N, RNA3), the movement protein (MP, RNA4), and a protein of 26 kDA (P26, RNA5) highly similar to proteins of unknown function encoded by other emaraviruses. Furthermore, we identified spherical particles (double-membrane bodies, DMB) of different sizes (70–80 nm in diameter) which are typical for emaraviruses exclusively in virus-infected leaf tissue exhibiting mottle and leaf deformation. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identified novel virus as a new member of the genus Emaravirus. We established a species-specific RT-PCR detection protocol and could associate the observed disease symptoms with the infection of the novel emaravirus in F. excelsior and F. ornus. Therefore, we propose the name ash shoestring-associated emaravirus (ASaV). Investigation of ASaV-infected sample trees originating from different locations in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Sweden provided a wide geographical distribution of the virus in affected ash species. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of an emaravirus affecting ash tree species with shoestring symptoms of leaves in Europe

The Complex World of Emaraviruses—Challenges, Insights, and Prospects

Emaravirus (Order Bunyavirales; Family Fimoviridae) is a genus comprising over 20 emerging plant viruses with a worldwide distribution and economic impact. Emaraviruses infect a variety of host plants and have especially become prevalent in important long-living woody plants. These viruses are enveloped, with a segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome and are transmitted by eriophyid mites or mechanical transmission. Emaraviruses have four core genome segments encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a glycoprotein precursor, a nucleocapsid protein, and a movement protein. They also have additional genome segments, whose number varies widely. We report here that the proteins encoded by these segments form three main homology groups: a homolog of the sadwavirus Glu2 Pro glutamic protease; a protein involved in pathogenicity, which we named “ABC”; and a protein of unknown function, which we named “P55”. The distribution of these proteins parallels the emaravirus phylogeny and suggests, with other analyses, that emaraviruses should be split into at least two genera. Reliable diagnosis systems are urgently needed to detect emaraviruses, assess their economic and ecological importance, and take appropriate measures to prevent their spread (such as routine testing, hygiene measures, and control of mite vectors). Additional research needs include understanding the function of emaravirus proteins, breeding resistant plants, and clarifying transmission modes

Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. U.J.B. was supported by the Division of Intramural Resarch, NIAID. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S and T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Centre, a federally funded research and development centre operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1 021 494.National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Division of Clinical Research. Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. Frederick, MD, USA.Hokkaido Research Organization. Agricultural Research Department. Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center. Takikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. US Horticultural Research Laboratory. Fort Pierce, FL, USA.D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Moscow, Russia.University of Ljubljana. Faculty of Medicine. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology. Ljubljana, Slovenia.Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria - Campus de Montegancedo. Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal. Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Pozuelo de Alarcón / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas. Madrid, Spain.University of Georgia. Insitute of Bioinformatics. Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases. Athens, GA, USA.Greifswald-Insel Riems. Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut. Greifswald, Germany.Mississippi State University. Department of Biological Sciences. Mississippi State, MS, USA.ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Division of Plant Pathology. New Delhi, India.Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut. Institute of Diagnostic Virology. Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. Córdoba, Argentina.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Special Pathogens Branch. Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology. Atlanta, GA, USA.Philipps-University Marburg. Institute of Virology. Marburg, Germany.Colorado State University. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology. Fort Collins, CO, USA.Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Australia.Agroscope. Virology-Phytoplasmology Laboratory. Nyon, Switzerland.University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. Albuquerque, NM, USA.Columbia University. Mailman School of Public Health. Center for Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology. New York, USA.French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety. Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort. Ploufragan, France.National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases. RNA Viruses Section. Bethesda, MD, USA.University of California. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Irvine, CA, USA.The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Galveston, TX, USA.University of the Free State. National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology. Division of Virology. Bloemfontein, South Africa.Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Division Phytomedicine. Berlin, Germany.Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, USA.Southwest University. Citrus Research Institute. National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center. Beibei, Chongqing, PR China.Instituto de Salud Carlos III. National Microbiology Center. Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit. Madrid, Spain.Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Bronx, NY, USA.Unite des Virus Emergents -Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207. Marseille, France.ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics. New Delhi, India.The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited. Auckland, New Zealand.National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. Frederick, MD, USA.Universidad de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. CIDEFI. La Plata, Argentina.The Scripps Research Institute. Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6. La Jolla, CA, USA.The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Department of Microbiology and Immunology. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses. Galveston, TX, USA.Wageningen Bioveterinary Research. Department of Virology. Lelystad, Netherlands.Instituto de Patología Vegetal. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola. Córdoba, Argentina.ANSES Animal Health Laboratory. UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA. Maisons-Alfort, France.United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Frederick, MD, USA.Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante. Bari, Italy.The University of Queensland. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation. St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.Centre International de Hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Berlin, Germany.University of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA.Robert Koch Institut. Berlin, Germany.University of Warwick. School of Life Sciences. Coventry, UK.Hacettepe University. Faculty of Medicine. Department of Medical Microbiology. Virology Unit. Ankara, Turkey.Museum Support Center. Smithsonian Institution. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. Suitland, MD, USA / Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. One Health Branch. Silver Spring, MD, USA / Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History. Department of Entomology. Washington, DC, USA / China National Rice Research Institute. Hangzhou, PR China.University of Cambridge. Department of Pathology. Cambridge, UK.Animal and Plant Health Agency. eybridge, Surrey, UK.World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.Embrapa Cassava and Fruits. Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil.Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Halle/Saale, Germany.Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. La Plata, Argentina.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, USA.Brandenburg State Office of Rural Development. Agriculture and Land Consolidation. Frankfurt, Germany.Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin. Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences. Division Phytomedicine. Berlin, Germany.Ministry of Education. Jilin University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research. State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases. Changchun, PR China / Georgetown University. School of Medicine. Division of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization. Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Washington, DC, USA.Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Brno, CzechiaBoston University. National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories. Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine. Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology. Boston, MA, USA.Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut. Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine. WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research. Department of Virology. Hamburg, Germany.United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service / United States Naval Academy. Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit. Beltsville, MD, USA.Hosei University. Department of Clinical Plant Science. Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.Kochi Agricultural Research Center. Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.University of Helsinki. Department of Virology. Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.University of Zurich. Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty. Zurich, Switzerland.Auckland University of Technology. The School of Science. Auckland, New Zealand.Yamagata University. Faculty of Medicine. Department of Infectious Diseases. Yamagata, Japan / Osaka Metropolitan University. Graduate School of Veterinary Science / Osaka Metropolitan University. International Research Center for Infectious Diseases. Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fort Collins, CO, USA.Murdoch University. School of Veterinary Medicine. Murdoch, WA, Australia.Kobe University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.Huazhong Agricultural University. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology. Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.International Rice Research Institute. College. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Freie Universität Berlin. Corporate Member. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin Institute of Health. Institute of Virology. Berlin, Germany.Slovak Academy of Sciences. Biomedical Research Center. Institute of Virology. Bratislava, Slovakia.Linköping University. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. Linköping, Sweden.Okayama University. Institute of Plant Science and Resources. Kurashiki, Japan.National Institutes of Health. National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Bethesda, MD, USA.Institut Pasteur. Université Paris Cité. CNRS UMR6047. Archaeal Virology Unit. Paris, France.National Agriculture and Food Research Organization. Institute for Plant Protection. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanUS Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center. Seattle, Washington, USA.KU Leuven. Rega Institute. Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit / University Hospitals Leuven. Department of Laboratory Medicine. Leuven, Belgium.The Ohio State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Biosciences. Columbus, OH, USA.Ningbo University. Institute of Plant Virology. Ningbo, PR China.Illumina-China. Beijing, PR China.University of Louisville. School of Medicine. Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Louisville, KY, USA.The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited / The University of Auckland. School of Biological Sciences. Auckland, New Zealand.KU Leuven. Rega Institute. Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit. Leuven, Belgium.FIND - The Global Alliance for Diagnostics. Geneva, Switzerland.Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma. Instituto de Biología-Laboratorio de Genética Molecular. Valparaíso, Chile.United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Toledo, OH, USA.Folkhalsomyndigheten. Stockholm, Sweden.Yamagata University. Department of Agriculture. Tsuruoka, Japan.Washington State University. Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Department of Plant Pathology. Prosser, WA, USA.Utsunomiya University. Utsunomiya, Japan.Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Valencia, Spain.Utsunomiya University. School of Agriculture. Utsunomiya, Japan.Novosibirsk State University. Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Pathobiological Sciences. Influenza Research Institute. Madison, USA.University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. Institute of Virology. Vienna, Austria.Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences. College of Medicine. Dubai, United Arab Emirates.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Oklahoma State University. Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics. Stillwater. Oklahoma, USA.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Department of Microbiology. New York, NY, USA.Universitat Politècnica de Valencia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Valencia, Spain.Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Department of Microbiology, Medical School. National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever viruses. Thessaloniki, Greece.Robert Koch Institute. Genome Competence Center. Berlin, Germany / Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Baker Institute for Animal Health. Ithaca, NY, USA.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service. Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases. Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.University of Georgia. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Population Health. Athens, GA, USA.Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences. Center for Translational Antiviral Research. Atlanta, GA, USA.International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory. Brooklyn, NY, USA.Auckland University of Technology. The School of Science / The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited. Auckland, New Zealand.Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Infectious Diseases. Division of Antivirals. Silver Spring, MD, USA.Instituto Biológico de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade de Brasília. Departamento de Biologia Celular. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Buenos Aires, Argentina.University of Florida. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology. Gainesville, Florida, USA.Tufts University Cummings. School of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health. North Grafton, MA, USA.Mississippi State University. Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology. Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA.The University of Sydney. School of Medical Sciences. Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases. Sydney, Australia.University of Maryland. Department of Veterinary Medicine. College Park, MD, USA.National Agriculture and Food Research Organization. Institute for Plant Protection. Tsukuba, Japan.University Medical Center-University Freiburg. Faculty of Medicine. Freiburg, Germany.Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment. Sydney, NSW, Australia.Sun Yat-sen University. Shenzhen, PR China.Institute of Forest Biodiversity. Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement. Hyderabad, India.Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea. Bioinformatics Unit. Bosisio Parini, Italy.Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. CBR Division. Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.Korea University. College of Medicine. Department of Microbiology. Seoul, Republic of Korea.Queensland University of Technology. Faculty of Health. School of Biomedical Sciences. Brisbane, QLD, Australia.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology. Viral Special Pathogens Branch. Atlanta, GA, USA.Colorado State University. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology. Fort Collins, CO, USA.Hokkaido University. International Institute for Zoonosis Control. Division of Global Epidemiology. Sapporo, Japan.Shizuoka Professional University of Agriculture. Faculty of Agricultural Production and Management. Shizuoka, Japan.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA.Universidad San Sebastián. Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia. Fundación Ciencia & Vida. Centro Ciencia & Vida. Laboratorio de Virología Molecular. Santiago, Chile.Kyoto University. Institute for Life and Medical Sciences. Kyoto, Japan.Institut Pasteur de Guinée. Conakry, Guinea.Yangzhou University. Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses. College of Veterinary Medicine. Yangzhou, PR China.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun Veterinary Research Institute. Changchun, PR China.Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy. Torino, Italy.University of Arkansas System. Division of Agriculture. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology. Fayetteville, AR, USA.University Medical Centre Rotterdam. Erasmus MC. Department of Viroscience. Rotterdam, Netherlands.KU Leuven. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation. Leuven, Belgium.The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Galveston, TX, USA.Wageningen University. Research, Biointeractions and Plant Health. Wageningen, Netherlands.National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.University of Queensland. School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences. St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.Washington State University. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology. Pullman, WA, USA.North Carolina State University. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology. Raleigh, NC, USA.Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wuhan Institute of Virology. Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety. Wuhan, PR China.Agricultural University of Athens. School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment. Department of Crop Science. Plant Pathology Laboratory. Votanikos, Athens, Greece.Yokohama Plant Protection Station. Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.Zhejiang University. Institute of Insect Sciences. Hangzhou, PR China.Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Dep. de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO. Viçosa, MG, Brazil.Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Military Command Area. Xinjiang, PR China.Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops. Guangxi, PR China / Fudan University. School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute. Shanghai, PR China.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, PR China.Pharmaq Analytiq. Bergen, Norway.Francis Crick Institute. Worldwide Influenza Centre. London, UK.Navarro, BeatrizIn April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV