Mental Representations in Musical Processing and their Role in Action-Perception Loops

Music is created in the listener as it is perceived and interpreted - its meaning derived from our unique sense of it; likely driving the range of interpersonal differences found in music processing. Person-specific mental representations of music are thought to unfold on multiple levels as we listen, spanning from an entire piece of music to regularities detected across notes. As we track incoming auditory information, predictions are generated at different levels for different musical aspects, leading to specific percepts and behavioral outputs, illustrating a tight coupling of cognition, perception and action. This coupling, together with a prominent role of prediction in music processing, fits well with recently described ideas about the role of predictive processing in cognitive function, which appears to be especially suitable to account for the role of mental models in musical perception and action. Investigating the cerebral correlates of constructive music imagination offers an experimentally tractable approach to clarifying how mental models of music are represented in the brain. I suggest here that mental representations underlying imagery are multimodal, informed and modulated by the body and its in- and outputs, while perception and action are informed and modulated by predictions based on mental models

Developing and Evaluating a Musical Attention Control Training Game Application

Musical attention control training (MACT) is a Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) technique to strengthen attention skills for people who may have attention defi-cits, for instance related to ADHD or Parkinson Disease (PD), activating different parts of the brain and stimulating neural connectivity. While multiple interventions per week would enhance the effect of MACT, attending sev-eral sessions a week with a therapist can be challenging. Applied game interventions implementing MACT, which can be played at home, could offer complementary training to the limited number of therapy sessions. While applied games have been shown to facilitate successful interventions for cognitive impairments, to date no game exists based on MACT. We propose a novel approach to research the plausibility of applied games to support NMT, conclude game requirements for the specific needs of People with PD (PwPD), and introduce a game that emulates a MACT session. We carried out a pilot experiment to gauge how users interact with the game and its efficacy in attention control training with non-PD participants, letting them play 10 game intervention sessions within two weeks. Although no significant short-term attention effects were observed in this timeframe, user evaluations and metrics of game performance suggest that gamified MACT could be a promising supplement to conventional MACT for improving attention skills to optimize quality of life of PwPD

Music, computing and health: A roadmap for the current and future roles of music technology for health care and well-being.

Health and self-regulatio

CARD9⁺ microglia promote antifungal immunity via IL-1β- and CXCL1-mediated neutrophil recruitment

This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, as well as NIH grants awarded to TMH (R01 093808), SGF (R01AI124566) and SRL (R01CA161373). Additional funding was provided by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (awarded to TMH), the Wellcome Trust (102705, 097377; awarded to GDB), the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1; awarded to GDB). The authors additionally thank Celeste Huaman for care and screening of the Malt1 793 -/- mice.Peer reviewedPostprin

Personalised interactive music systems for physical activity and exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The use of Personalised Interactive Music Systems (PIMS) may provide benefits in promoting physical activity levels. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the overall impact of PIMS in physical activity and exercise domains. Separate random effects meta-analyses were conducted for outcomes in physical activity levels, physical exertion, rate of perceived exertion(RPE), and affect. In total, 18 studies were identified. Of these, six studies (with17 total intervention arms) reported data on at least one outcome of interest, from which an effect size could be calculated. PIMS were significantly associated with beneficial changes in physical activity levels (g = 0.49, CI [0.07, 0.91], p = 0.02,k = 4, n = 76) and affect (g = 1.68, CI [0.15, 3.20], p = 0.03, k = 4, n = 122).However, no significant benefit of PIMS use was found for RPE (g = 0.72, CI [-0.14, 1.59], p = 0.10, k = 3, n = 77) or physical exertion (g = 0.79, CI [-0.64,2.10], p = 0.28, k = 5, n = 142). Overall, results support the preliminary use of PIMS across a variety of physical activities to promote physical activity levels and positive affect

Moving to music:Effects of heard and imagined musical cues on movement-related brain activity

Music is commonly used to facilitate or support movement, and increasingly used in movement rehabilitation. Additionally, there is some evidence to suggest that music imagery, which is reported to lead to brain signatures similar to music perception, may also assist movement. However, it is not yet known whether either imagined or musical cueing changes the way in which the motor system of the human brain is activated during simple movements. Here, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used to compare neural activity during wrist flexions performed to either heard or imagined music with self-pacing of the same movement without any cueing. Focusing specifically on the motor network of the brain, analyses were performed within a mask of BA4, BA6, the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate and pallidum), the motor nuclei of the thalamus and the whole cerebellum. Results revealed that moving to music compared with self-paced movement resulted in significantly increased activation in left cerebellum VI. Moving to imagined music led to significantly more activation in pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and right globus pallidus, relative to self-paced movement. When the music and imagery cueing conditions were contrasted directly, movements in the music condition showed significantly more activity in left hemisphere cerebellum VII and right hemisphere and vermis of cerebellum IX, while the imagery condition revealed more significant activity in pre-SMA. These results suggest that cueing movement with actual or imagined music impacts upon engagement of motor network regions during the movement, and suggest that heard and imagined cues can modulate movement in subtly different ways. These results may have implications for the applicability of auditory cueing in movement rehabilitation for different patient populations

The SAMI Galaxy Survey: revisiting galaxy classification through high-order stellar kinematics

Recent cosmological hydrodynamical simulations suggest that integral field spectroscopy can connect the high-order stellar kinematic moments h3 (~skewness) and h4 (~kurtosis) in galaxies to their cosmological assembly history. Here, we assess these results by measuring the stellar kinematics on a sample of 315 galaxies, without a morphological selection, using two-dimensional integral field data from the SAMI Galaxy Survey. Proxies for the spin parameter (${\lambda }_{{R}_{{\rm{e}}}}$) and ellipticity (${\epsilon }_{{\rm{e}}}$) are used to separate fast and slow rotators; there exists a good correspondence to regular and non-regular rotators, respectively, as also seen in earlier studies. We confirm that regular rotators show a strong h3 versus $V/\sigma$ anti-correlation, whereas quasi-regular and non-regular rotators show a more vertical relation in h3 and $V/\sigma$. Motivated by recent cosmological simulations, we develop an alternative approach to kinematically classify galaxies from their individual h3 versus $V/\sigma$ signatures. Within the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we identify five classes of high-order stellar kinematic signatures using Gaussian mixture models. Class 1 corresponds to slow rotators, whereas Classes 2–5 correspond to fast rotators. We find that galaxies with similar {\lambda }_{{R}_{{\rm{e}}}}\mbox{--}{\epsilon }_{{\rm{e}}} values can show distinctly different {h}_{3}\mbox{--}V/\sigma signatures. Class 5 objects are previously unidentified fast rotators that show a weak h3 versus $V/\sigma$ anti-correlation. From simulations, these objects are predicted to be disk-less galaxies formed by gas-poor mergers. From morphological examination, however, there is evidence for large stellar disks. Instead, Class 5 objects are more likely disturbed galaxies, have counter-rotating bulges, or bars in edge-on galaxies. Finally, we interpret the strong anti-correlation in h3 versus $V/\sigma$ as evidence for disks in most fast rotators, suggesting a dearth of gas-poor mergers among fast rotators

Association Between Race/Ethnicity and COVID-19 Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients From the United States: Data From the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Individuals with SLE from the US with data entered into the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance registry between March 24, 2020 and August 27, 2021 were included. Variables included age, sex, race, and ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, other), comorbidities, disease activity, pandemic time period, glucocorticoid dose, antimalarials, and immunosuppressive drug use. The ordinal outcome categories were: not hospitalized, hospitalized with no oxygenation, hospitalized with any ventilation or oxygenation, and death. We constructed ordinal logistic regression models evaluating the relationship between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 severity, adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS: We included 523 patients; 473 (90.4%) were female and the mean ± SD age was 46.6 ± 14.0 years. A total of 358 patients (74.6%) were not hospitalized; 40 patients (8.3%) were hospitalized without oxygen, 64 patients (13.3%) were hospitalized with any oxygenation, and 18 (3.8%) died. In a multivariable model, Black (odds ratio [OR] 2.73 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.36–5.53]) and Hispanic (OR 2.76 [95% CI 1.34–5.69]) individuals had higher odds of more severe outcomes than White individuals. CONCLUSION: Black and Hispanic individuals with SLE experienced more severe COVID-19 outcomes, which is consistent with findings in the US general population. These results likely reflect socioeconomic and health disparities and suggest that more aggressive efforts are needed to prevent and treat infection in this population

Diffusion tensor MRI tractography reveals increased fractional anisotropy in arcuate fasciculus following music-cued motor training

FSW - Self-regulation models for health behavior and psychopathology - ou