Assessing cancer mortality in high natural background radiation areas: a systematic review

Introduction: Low background radiation levels are constantly around us, but generally there are some high natural background radiation areas (HNBRAs) in the world including Ramsar in Iran, Guarapari in Brazil, Kerala in India, Arkaroola in Australia, and Yangjiang in China. The present study aims to explore the relationship between living in HNBRAs and cancer mortality rate. Materials and Methods: A perfect search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and databases and articles with the key terms "High natural background radiation", "cancer prevalence in HNBRAs", " natural radiation" and " mortality" using MeSH. Results: The results of this study are based on articles published in national and international journals, dissertations, and reference sites. In a total of 156 documents, 33 (21.15%) were selected. Conclusion: More recent studies have highlighted the absence of any direct connection between high natural background radiation and the prevalence of cancer in people living in HNBRAs. Some studies have suggested that low natural background radiation is not only harmless but may be beneficial to health through adaptations, while others believe that even the smallest doses of radiation are harmful

BCC and Childhood Low Dose Radiation

Skin cancer is a late complication of ionizing radiation. Two skin neoplasms prominent Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) are the most famous complications of radiotherapy. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm. Many genetic and environmental factors are involved in its onset. BCC is observed in sun-exposed areas of skin. Some patients with scalp BCC have had a history of scalp radiation for the treatment of tinea capitis in childhood. Evidence that ionizing radiation is carcinogenic first came from past reports of nonmelanoma skin cancers on the hands of workers using radiation devices. The total dose of radiation and irradiated site exposed to sunlight can lead to a short incubation period. It is not clear whether BCC in these cases has a more aggressive nature and requires a more aggressive resection of the lesion. The aim of this review was to evaluate the differences between BCC specification and treatment results between irradiated and nonirradiated patients

گذار تاریخی تأثیرپذیری و برساخت مسائل فرهنگی از پزشکی: از اخلاق تا پزشکی شدن

Medicine and health in modern society have influenced every aspect of society and affected various phenomena. Ethical issues, doctor-patient relationships, and cultural categories are considerably important. This article studies the role of ethics, cultural categories, and medicalization processes in society. Body is a field that has been influenced dramatically regarding medicine and cultural categories. The obtained ideas and analyses and the results indicate that ethics in the field of medicine has a close relation with cultural and social trends and the associative components, such that with the appearance of new processes and its effects on the behavior of individuals, it has caused the function of some aspects of health such as plastic surgery and attention to body to change and influence medicine. The doctor, as an important and influential individual in the modern society plays an important role in the trend of medicine of society and the issues related to the ethics of medicine. If the relationship between a doctor and a patient and between them and the whole society is a proper, ethical and committed relationship, we would have a healthy society and healthy individuals.پزشکی و سلامت در جامعه مدرن با مختصات گوناگون در تمام عرصه­های جامعه وارد شده و پدیده­های مختلف را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده است که در این میان بحث­های اخلاقی و ارتباط پزشک و بیمار و مقوله­های فرهنگی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردارند. این نوشتار به منظور برجسته­ساختن نقش اخلاق و مقوله­های فرهنگی و همچنین نقش فرآیندهای پزشکی­شدن در جامعه پرداخته است. بدن از حوزه­هایی است که در ارتباط با پزشکی و مقوله­های فرهنگی تأثیر زیادی پذیرفته است. نظریات و تحلیل­های مختلف و نتایج بدست­آمده نشان می­دهد که اخلاق در حوزه پزشکی ارتباط تنگاتنگی با روندهای فرهنگی و اجتماعی و مؤلفه­های مترتب بر آن دارد به طوری که با فرآیندهای نوپدید و تأثیر آن بر رفتارهای افراد باعث شده است که کارکرد برخی حوزه­های سلامت از جمله جراحی زیبایی، توجه به بدن و غیره تغییر پیدا کند و پزشکی را نیز تحت تأثیر خود قرار دهد. پزشک به عنوان فرد تأثیرگذار مهم در جامعه کنونی نقش اساسی در روند پزشکی جامعه و مسائل مربوط به اخلاق پزشکی دارد و اگر ارتباط بین بیمار و پزشک و بین این دو با جامعه کل، ارتباط سالم و اخلاقی و تعهد­محور باشد، جامعه­ای سالم و افرادی سالم خواهیم داشت

Effect of functional resistance training on the structure and function of the heart and liver in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Abstract The current study is of the quasi-experimental type, with a pre-and post-test design, and subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (n = 8) and experimental (test) (n = 8). Based on the patient's self-report and using daily diet control tables, the patient's diet planning percentage of energy supply was managed and controlled for 3 days. The protocol for functional resistance training for these circular exercises, including the squat, lunge, bear crawl, rock press, jumping jack, and back fly lunge, was performed three times per week without specialized apparatus. Ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were measured before and after functional resistance training, using echocardiography. Liver Stiffness and steatosis were measured using FibroScan, and the liver function was determined using biochemical assays. The average age of patients in the control group and the test group were 46.02 ± 5.4 and 48.6 ± 2.51, respectively. Pre-test and post-test of the body mass index were 32.06 ± 5.06 and 30.02 ± 3.97, and for the body fat percentage were 33.65 ± 6.09 and 25.41 ± 4.99. In non-alcoholic fatty liver patients, due to functional resistance training, EF (p-value = 0.003) and FS (p-value = 0.03) significantly increased, and C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) (p-value = 0.001), steatosis (p-value = 0.04), and stiffness (p-value = 0.01) decreased. According to the results and without considering clinical trials, functional resistance training affects the structure and function of the heart and Liver in NAFLD patients

Does Exposure of Astronauts\u27 Brains to High-LET Radiation in Deep Space Threaten the Success of the Mission?

Astronauts\u27 exposure to radiation is different from exposure to radiation on Earth. Besides cancer, cardiovascular disease and acute radiation syndrome, there are concerns over the potential behavioral and cognitive impairments caused by exposure of the astronauts\u27 central nervous system to high levels of space radiation. Therefore, potential behavioral and cognitive i mpairments caused by astronauts\u27 brains exposure to high levels of space radiation and the possibility of developing dementia and other motor neuron diseases are getting more attention. As NASA is interested in studies on radium deposition in human brain, and exposure of the brain to high linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles, we have assessed the cognitive effects of long-term exposure of human brain to alpha particles which partly mimics astronauts\u27 exposure to high charge and energy (HZE) particles during upcoming mars missions. Dr. John Boice, President of NCRP, and his colleagues\u27 have stated that human brain exposed for years to alpha particles on Earth may be more relevant to a Mars mission in contrast with the mouse brain exposed to heavy ions for a few minutes. Interestingly, both Boice and NASA did not pay enough attention to this fact that radium as well as many other alpha emitters tend to accumulate in the bone, and the alpha particles whose energies are typically -5 MeV have a very short range (maximum lOs of um), so the radiation dose due to the alpha emitters would be localized to volumes near the cranium rather than being uniformly distributed throughout the cerebral and cerebellar parenchyma. Extraordinary high levels of Ra-226 have previously been reported in high background radiation areas of Ramsar, where people are consuming locally grown foods. In this paper, we will present data which provide a human brain radiation exposure analogue for upcoming Mars missions. Normally the dose to the functional parts of the brain are not likely to be significant, even with higher uptakes of the radium or other alpha-emitting isotopes in the cranium. Therefore, only residents with calcium-rich diet were selected for the study. Measurements of background gamma radiation was performed in their bedrooms, dining rooms, vegetable yards and gardens with citrus fruit trees of the dwellings in areas with high levels of Ra-226 in the soil and at a nearby control area with the same socio-economic factors. Moreover, the food frequency, reaction time, working memory and computational abilities as well as the Radium Ingestion Index (RII) of 47 participants (22 males and 24 females) from the hot areas, where the annual radiation absorbed dose from background radiation is up to 260 mSv/y, were studied, and the same things were studied for 17 participants (4 males and 13 females) from a nearby normal background radiation area with the same socioeconomic factors as at the hot areas. Our study showed that exposure of human brain to high LET particles did not affect the working memory. However, individuals with higher levels of radium ingestion had significantly increased reaction times. The increased reaction time in individuals with higher exposure levels to alpha particles emitted from ingested Ra-226 is an important finding, since similar conditions might occur in deep space, when astronauts\u27 brain cells are exposed to HZE particles. As the astronauts face numerous challenges in isolated and confined space environment, they should be able to respond quickly to different hazards. However, further studies are needed to verify if the fmdings in high radiation dose areas in Ramsar are relevant for deep space mission