Who is what and what is who: the morpho-syntax of Arabic WH

PhDThis thesis advances a micro-parametric analysis for the variation in wh-dependencies in a number of modern Arabic dialects, especially, Iraqi, Lebanese and Jordanian. It will be shown that although these dialects have much in common, there are certain differences in the strategies used in the formation of wh-questions. At a narrower level, it will also be shown that argument wh-phrases such as ‘who’ and ‘what’ in these dialects display asymmetric behaviour in the various wh-questions. In this thesis, I argue that cross-linguistic variation can only be accounted for in terms of morpho-syntactic properties of individual wh-phrases. As far as the Arabic dialects investigated here are concerned, I propose that wh-expressions such as Iraqi meno ‘who’ and Lebanese ˇsu ‘what’, unlike what has been assumed, are copular wh-phrases and, as such, have internally complex structures. It is this internal complexity, I argue, that directly affects their external syntax. To put the findings in perspective, this thesis examines the possibilities that Universal Grammar offers languages in terms of building wh-dependencies ranging from topicalisation and variable binding to relativisation and equation. The thesis, departs away, however, from mainstream approaches to cross-linguistics variation couched in the P&P framework (Chomsky 1981, 1986, 1995), such as LF-movement and binding, on the grounds that they are too rigid to capture the variation observed here. Instead, the thesis supports, and makes a contribution to, novel approaches to cross-linguistic variation, such as the Nanosyntax framework (Starke 2010, 2011), which take syntax to operate on (sub)-morphemic levels. Overall, the analysis has implications for the syntax of wh-constructions in general and the interaction at the morphology-syntax interface in particular

Consumption of Zamzam Water as a Natural Health Medicine for Visitors Attending Pilgrimage in Makkah

The Zam Zam is the name of the well in city of Makkah that provides water to visitors who are attending pilgrimage. Over the last 4500 years billions of people have drunk water from the well of Zam Zam. During the annual Hajj festival pilgrims drink and wash themselves with the Zam Zam. The Quraan has stated in verse 21:30 ‘and we have made of water everything living, will they not then believe’. It is because of its religious character that Zamzam has a unique identification: the most sacred and miraculous water well in the history of Islam if not the entire world. It is believed that this water has healing properties and it is drunk by Muslims across the world

Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on Some Clinical isolates

Studies on antimicrobial activity of water, methanol and ethanol extracts of the stem bark of Enantia chlorantha, was carried out by the agar ditch diffusion and tube dilution methods. The clinical isolates used include; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella sonnei, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The isolates were obtained from the Department of Medical microbiology and Parasitology of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Crude extracts of all solvents used inhibited the growth of all the isolates tested, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranged between 25mg/ml to 150mg/ml depending on isolate and extracting solvent. Ethanolic extracts showed greater antimicrobial activity than the other two solvents. The killing rate of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethanolic extract on S. aureus and P.aeruginosa was 2½hr, and 3hr respectively. Temperature stability study showed that the extracts are stable and active over a temperature range of 30 to121oC.Key words: Enantia chlorantha, antimicrobial property, plant extrac

Numerical simulation of the nonlinear coupled jaulent-miodek equation by elzaki transform-adomian polynomial method

The Elzaki transform which is an integral transform used to obtain solutions of linear differential equations is coupled with Adomian polynomial to solve nonlinear coupled Jaulent-Miodek (JM) equation. The Adomian polynomial is used to linearise the nonlinear functions in the partial differential equation before the scheme of the Elzaki transform was used to iteratively generate each term of the series solution. The solutions obtained were compared with the exact solutions and were found to give a very small error, the graphical representation of the solutions which give the shape of the solitons also agree with that of the Adomian decomposition method when a comparison is made. The method is powerful and effective as it does not involve large computer memory and does not involve discretizing the independent variables to achieve the required solution.publishedVersio

How Fast are Junior Karateka Athlate

Rendahnya kecepatan atlet karate merupakan masalah yang harus segera diatasi. Kecepatan sangat penting bagi atlet karate agar dapat melakukan serangan dan menghindar dengan cepat. Dalam pertandingan sesungguhnya, para karateka akan mengerahkan seluruh kemampuannya termasuk menyerang dengan menggunakan kaki. Kecepatan mencolok penting untuk mendapatkan poin bagus untuk menang dalam kompetisi besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kecepatan umum atlet karate junior Sumatera Barat. Penelitian survey dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana gambaran tingkat kecepatan atlet karate junior Sumbar yang akan berlaga di kejuaraan nasional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh atlet karate junior yang berjumlah 20 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sensus sehingga seluruh populasi dijadikan sampel. Atlet' Data kecepatan s diperoleh dengan menggunakan uji langkah tangga. Setelah data kecepatan atlet diperoleh, data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kecepatan yang dimiliki oleh atlet karate junior Sumbar berada pada kategori cukup. Sehingga pelatih dan pengurus diharapkan dapat memberikan latihan kecepatan kedepannya untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja atlet karateka

Lorcaserin vs. Phentermine among non-surgical and surgical obese patients: Anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, safety and cost outcomes

Background To evaluate effectiveness, safety, and costs of Lorcaserin vs. phentermine among obese non–surgical and surgical patients (post bariatric surgery). Methods This retrospective study retrieved charts of all patients (January 2013–June 2016) who received Lorcaserin or phentermine for 3 months. The study assessed anthropometric, glycemic, and lipid changes, as well as side effects and cost of medications among overweight and obese non-surgical (n = 83) and surgical patients (n = 46). These two patient groups were compared using Chi-square (χ2) and unpaired‘t’ test for qualitative and quantitative variables respectively. Results At 3 months, among the non-surgical group, Phentermine patients had greater percentage of total weight loss (TWL%) (7.65 ± 8.26 vs. 2.99 ± 3.72%, P = 0.003), and greater BMI reduction (−3.16 ± 3.63 vs. −1.15 ± 1.53 kg/m2, P = 0.003) than Lorcaserin. Within the surgical group, Lorcaserin patients had significantly smaller TWL% (1.86 ± 5.06 vs. 7.62 ± 9.80%, P = 0.012), and smaller BMI reduction (−0.74 ± 1.80 vs. −3.06 ± 4.08 kg/m2, P = 0.012) than Phentermine. Lorcaserin exhibited significant total cholesterol and LDL improvements only among surgical patients with significant weight reduction (≥5% TW). Both medications were not associated with glycemic improvements among non-surgical and surgical groups. Phentermine had slightly more side effects but was less expensive. Conclusions Among both patient groups, phentermine was more effective in achieving weight loss. Lorcaserin showed dyslipidemia improvements only among surgical patients who achieved significant weight reduction. Anti-obesity medications as part of weight management programs can result in weight loss among non-surgical and surgical patients, or halt weight regain among surgical patients. This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two anti-obesity medications (lorcaserin vs. phentermine) among two distinct obese patient groups, non-surgical and surgical patients

Varietal preferences and within-orchard and tree distribution of newly recorded gall midges, dasineura amaramanjarae and procontarinia mangiferae (diptera: Cecidomyiidae), from commercial mango cultivars in Pakistan

Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) damage mango by feeding on flowers and fruit tissues, inducing galls on leaves, and providing inoculums of anthracnose. Dasineura amaramanjarae Grover and Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt), two gall midges that damage flowers in all mango-growing areas of the world, have recently been recorded in Pakistan, and studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 on the within-tree and orchard distribution patterns and cultivar preference of both species in Pakistan at one location (Rahim Yar Khan). Both gall midge species were found on all mango cultivars examined (Chaunsa, Fajri, Dusehri, Surkha, Sindhri, and Anwar Ratul), with the most damage occurring to Surkha and Dusehri. Research on midge distribution patterns in different parts of mango orchards (central, southern, northern, eastern, and western sides) showed these species to be found in all areas, with the greatest numbers in the central and southern regions. In addition, both species were most abundant on the lower parts of the mango tree canopy

The Effectiveness of a Training Program in Developing The Auditory Perception Skills and its Effect in Improvement reading Skills Of Students with Learning Disabilities.

The study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of a training program in developing the auditory perception skills and its effect in improving reading skills of students with learning disabilities (LD). The sample of the study were 40 students who were chosen purposively from students who have learning disabilities and who were attending 4th grade resource rooms. These participants were divided into two groups: the first group was an experimental group while the other was a control group. Each group consisted of 20 male students with LD. Moreover, the study used the auditory perception scale prepared by Al-Kailani and Al-Waqfi (1998) which was standardized on the Jordanian environment. In addition, a reading achievement test prepared by the researchers was used. The training program was applied on the experimental group to develop auditory perception skills for a period of two months. The Shared Variance analysis (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results were as follows; there were statistical significant differences at (α \u3c 0.05) in auditory perception skills between the subjects of both groups; the experimental and control group being better for experimental group on the total auditory perception scale, also on its dimensions in favor of the experimental group. Moreover, there were statistical significance difference in academic (reading) achievement between both groups at the level (α \u3c 0.05) in favor of the experimental grou

Cost Effective Management of Leafhopper Amrasca Biguttula Biguttula (Ishida) Infesting Okra in Southern Punjab (Pakistan)

Leafhopper is a sap cell sucker of the okra plant. It damages the plants by inserting toxic materials in the leaves, as a result crop showed symptoms of discoloration of leaves and stunted growth of plants which result in yield losses. There was sufficient need for determining the action threshold level to avoid blind chemical sprays for the management of leafhopper. The present study examined the effect of different levels of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) yield to identify the economic threshold for leafhopper populations and the most appropriate timing of insecticide application. Field trials were conducted in Multan, Pakistan in 2010 and 2012 and in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2012. Crops were sprayed with imidacloprid when the mean population of leafhopper nymphs and adults reached 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 per leaf. The total number of sprays required at different population thresholds varied between 2 and 5 sprays on per treatment plot. Based on the cost of spraying and increased net return due to reduced leafhopper damage, spraying crops when the infestation was 1-1.5 leafhoppers/leaf was found to be the most cost effective, giving the highest net returns compared with the untreated controls

Organization Performance Influenced by the BSD and Consultative Management Style

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among Balanced Scorecard, consultative management style, participative management style and organization size with organizational performance. All the variables are highly correlated with each other. This is an empirical study and data is collected from 100 respondents of service sector from Azad Kashmir. We used five likert scales to collect data from the respondents and data analyzed through SPSS. The result showed that there is a significant positive correlation among variables. This study also indicates that effective management style is necessary for improving the performance of organization. The result indicates that Balanced Scorecard has significant impact on performance of organization. Organization use BSC to handle the complexity and challenges that management faces during their operations. The collection of data is from small area due to time constraint. In the future comparative study can be done with other organizations for better analysis of results