138 research outputs found
British Women Chemists and the First World War
The First World War is sometimes called the 'Chemist's
War' as its prosecution demanded ever increasing quantities
of explosives, poison gases, optical glass, synthetic
dyes, and pharmaceuticals (1). As the war progressed
and severe shortages of chemicals occurred, more and
more women were pressed into chemical-related work.
Very little has been published about the skilled women
chemists who were assigned to war duties (2). They
were obviously much fewer in number than the hundreds
of thousands of unskilled women who worked in
the explosive factories (3), though they certainly did
exist. Fortunately, the Women's Work Collection of the
Imperial War Museum (IWM) has a significant amount
of documentary evidence on the wartime women scientists.
This useful material was compiled in 1919 by
Agnes Ethel Conway of the Women's Work Sub-Committee
of the IWM. Conway circulated a questionnaire
to universities and industries informing them that the
Committee was compiling a historical record of war
work performed by women for the National Archives.
In particular, Conway adds: "they [the Sub-Committee]
are anxious that women's share in scientific research
and in routine work should not be overlooked ..." (4). A
sufficient number of replies were received to provide a
sense of the breadth of employment of scientifically
trained women during the War
From the Mendeleev periodic table to particle physics and back to the periodic table
We briefly describe in this paper the passage from Mendeleev's chemistry
(1869) to atomic physics (in the 1900's), nuclear physics (in the 1932's) and
particle physics (from 1953 to 2006). We show how the consideration of
symmetries, largely used in physics since the end of the 1920's, gave rise to a
new format of the periodic table in the 1970's. More specifically, this paper
is concerned with the application of the group SO(4,2)xSU(2) to the periodic
table of chemical elements. It is shown how the Madelung rule of the atomic
shell model can be used for setting up a periodic table that can be further
rationalized via the group SO(4,2)xSU(2) and some of its subgroups. Qualitative
results are obtained from this nonstandard table.Comment: 15 pages; accepted for publication in Foundations of Chemistry
(special issue to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the death of
Mendeleev who died in 1907); version 2: 16 pages; some sentences added;
acknowledgment and references added; misprints correcte
On the use of the group SO(4,2) in atomic and molecular physics
In this paper the dynamical noninvariance group SO(4,2) for a hydrogen-like
atom is derived through two different approaches. The first one is by an
established traditional ascent process starting from the symmetry group SO(3).
This approach is presented in a mathematically oriented original way with a
special emphasis on maximally superintegrable systems, N-dimensional extension
and little groups. The second approach is by a new symmetry descent process
starting from the noninvariance dynamical group Sp(8,R) for a four-dimensional
harmonic oscillator. It is based on the little known concept of a Lie algebra
under constraints and corresponds in some sense to a symmetry breaking
mechanism. This paper ends with a brief discussion of the interest of SO(4,2)
for a new group-theoretical approach to the periodic table of chemical
elements. In this connection, a general ongoing programme based on the use of a
complete set of commuting operators is briefly described. It is believed that
the present paper could be useful not only to the atomic and molecular
community but also to people working in theoretical and mathematical physics.Comment: 31 page
Mathematical Aspects of the Periodic Law
We review different studies of the Periodic Law and the set of chemical
elements from a mathematical point of view. This discussion covers the first
attempts made in the 19th century up to the present day. Mathematics employed
to study the periodic system includes number theory, information theory, order
theory, set theory and topology. Each theory used shows that it is possible to
provide the Periodic Law with a mathematical structure. We also show that it is
possible to study the chemical elements taking advantage of their
phenomenological properties, and that it is not always necessary to reduce the
concept of chemical elements to the quantum atomic concept to be able to find
interpretations for the Periodic Law. Finally, a connection is noted between
the lengths of the periods of the Periodic Law and the philosophical
Pythagorean doctrine.Comment: 20 pages, PDF fil
Generalization Strategies in Finding the <i>n</i>th Term Rule for Simple Quadratic Sequences
In this study, we identify ways in which a sample of 18 graduates with mathematics-related first degrees found the nth term for quadratic sequences from the first values of a sequence of data, presented on a computer screen in various formats: tabular, scattered data pairs and sequential. Participants’ approaches to identifying the nth term were recorded with eye-tracking technology. Our aims are to identify their strategies and to explore whether and how format influences these strategies. Qualitative analysis of eye-tracking data offers several strategies: Sequence of Differences, Building a Relationship, Known Formula, Linear Recursive and Initial Conjecture. Sequence of Differences was the most common strategy, but Building a Relationship was more likely to lead to the right formula. Building from Square and Factor Search were the most successful methods of Building a Relationship. Findings about the influence of format on the range of strategies were inconclusive but analysis indicated sporadic evidence of possible influences
Viewing scenes of the history of chemistry through the opera glass
Artistic creation has always reflected the spirit of the moment and opera has not been an exception. There are several examples of operas which appeared at key moments of the development of science, portraying them. Additionally there are also operas that emerged after scientific events or the lifetime of the scientists they were inspired on. In what concerns chemistry, the first category could be exemplified by the apothecary operas (already discussed by the author in a previous paper of this journal) while the others could be illustrated by recent operas such as Dr. Atomic or Madame Curie.
Continuing our endeavor of establishing relations between opera and chemistry, and considering that history of science plays an important role in the process of teaching and learning sciences, some milestones of the history of chemistry are here revisited through the opera glass. The operas analyzed have been grouped in the following categories: Operas of Fire and Metallurgy, Operas of the Philosophers of Antiquity, Operas of Alchemy, Operas of the Age of Enlightenment, Operas of the Revolutions and Operas of Entropy.Thanks are due to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT–Portugal) and FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE/QREN/EU for financial support through the research unity PEst-C/QUI/UI686/2013.
Phenotypic Characterization of EIF2AK4 Mutation Carriers in a Large Cohort of Patients Diagnosed Clinically With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease with an emerging genetic basis. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) are the commonest genetic cause of PAH, whereas biallelic mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 gene (EIF2AK4) are described in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Here, we determine the frequency of these mutations and define the genotype-phenotype characteristics in a large cohort of patients diagnosed clinically with PAH. METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on DNA from patients with idiopathic and heritable PAH and with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis recruited to the National Institute of Health Research BioResource-Rare Diseases study. Heterozygous variants in BMPR2 and biallelic EIF2AK4 variants with a minor allele frequency of <1:10 000 in control data sets and predicted to be deleterious (by combined annotation-dependent depletion, PolyPhen-2, and sorting intolerant from tolerant predictions) were identified as potentially causal. Phenotype data from the time of diagnosis were also captured. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty-four patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH and 16 with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis were recruited. Mutations in BMPR2 were identified in 130 patients (14.8%). Biallelic mutations in EIF2AK4 were identified in 5 patients with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Furthermore, 9 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PAH carried biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations. These patients had a reduced transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (Kco; 33% [interquartile range, 30%-35%] predicted) and younger age at diagnosis (29 years; interquartile range, 23-38 years) and more interlobular septal thickening and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on computed tomography of the chest compared with patients with PAH without EIF2AK4 mutations. However, radiological assessment alone could not accurately identify biallelic EIF2AK4 mutation carriers. Patients with PAH with biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations had a shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Biallelic EIF2AK4 mutations are found in patients classified clinically as having idiopathic and heritable PAH. These patients cannot be identified reliably by computed tomography, but a low Kco and a young age at diagnosis suggests the underlying molecular diagnosis. Genetic testing can identify these misclassified patients, allowing appropriate management and early referral for lung transplantation
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