Techno-economic and Life Cycle Assessment of methane production via biogas upgrading and power to gas technology

International audienceTo decrease the use of fossil fuels and face the energetic demand, the integration of renewable energy is a necessary step. Part of this renewable energy can be supplied by the production of electricity from photovoltaic panels and windfarms. The massive use of these intermittent energies will lead to overproduction periods, and there is consequently a need to convert this surplus of electricity into a storable form of energy. Power-togas (PtG) technology consists in using electricity to convert water into hydrogen by electrolysis, and then to synthetize methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Techno-economic and Life Cycle Assessment of methane production via the combination of anaerobic digestion and PtG technology have been applied to sewage sludge valorization. Process studies and equipment design have been addressed considering already available technologies. Sensitivity analyses have been done on biogas upgrading technologies, electricity prices, annual operation time and composition of the electricity mix with also a comparison between PtG and direct injection. It appears that the more the electricity is expensive, the longer the operation time of the methanation process must be to be competitive with injection of methane from biogas. Reduction of electricity consumption of the electrolysis step decreases production costs. Even if the current context does not feature adapted conditions to ensure an economically viable chain, the evolution of the energetic context in the next few years as well as the expected technological improvements will contribute to overall cost reduction. From an environmental point of view, continuous PtG generates more greenhouse gases than direct injection, but intermittent operation with use of renewable electricity can significantly reduce GHG emissions. From an endpoint impacts perspective, impact from continuous PtG are higher than biogas upgrading, but much lower than fossil energy. Future development of low electricity consumption of the electrolysis process, and integration of renewable credits from CO 2 valorization can increase the competitiveness of this technology

A REAPPRAISAL OF LOWER TO MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC BONE RETOUCHERS FROM SOUTHEASTERN FRANCE (MIS 11 TO 3)

International audienceIn southeastern France, many Final Acheulean/Early Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Palaeolithic assemblages have yielded bone retouchers. The oldest are dated to the Middle Pleistocene: from MIS 11 at Terra Amata; MIS 9 at Orgnac 3; and MIS 6-7 at Payre F, Sainte-Anne I and Le Lazaret. However, this early evidence of bone tool use only concerns a few dozen pieces among thousands of faunal and lithic remains. These re-touchers indicate behavioural changes from MIS 11-9 onwards in southeastern France, associated with a mosaic of technological and subsistence changes that became more common during the Middle Palaeolithic. The frequency of these bone artefacts increases during MIS 7, becoming much more numerous after MIS 5, sometimes totaling more than a hundred items at one site, such as Saint-Marcel Cave. Bone retoucher frequency is still highly variable throughout the Middle Palaeolithic and seems to be determined by the type of occupation and activities rather than the associated lithic technologies. This broad, regional comparative analysis contributes to a better understanding of the technical behaviour developed by Neanderthals, as well as their Middle Pleistocene ancestors, and their ability to recover and use bones

Effects of input data aggregation on simulated crop yields in temperate and Mediterranean climates

The modelling exercise for this study was highly supported by partner universities and research institutes in the framework of the MACSUR project and financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF (FKZ 2815ERA01J) in the framework of the funding measure “Soil as a Sustainable Resource for the Bioeconomy – BonaRes”, project “BonaRes (Module B): BonaRes Centre for Soil Research (FKZ BOMA03037514, 031B0026A and 031A608A) and by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (BMEL) in the framework of the MACSUR project (FKZ 2815ERA01J). In addition, the relevant co-authors from the partner institutes are separately financed by their respective projects. AV, EC, and EL were supported by The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (220-2007-1218) and by the strategic funding ‘Soil-Water-Landscape’ from the faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). JC thank the INRA ACCAF metaprogramm for funding. KCK, CN, XS and TS were supported by MACSUR2 (FKZ 031B0039C). MK thanks for the funding by the UK BBSRC (BB/N004922/1) and the MAXWELL HPC team of the University of Aberdeen for providing equipment and support for the DailyDayCent simulations. FE acknowledges support by the German Science Foundation (project EW 119/5-1). GRM, TG, and FE thank Andreas Enders and Gunther Krauss (INRES, University of Bonn) for support. The authors also would like to acknowledge the support provided by the BMBF and the valuable comments of the scientists of the Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), University of Bonn, Germany.Peer reviewedPostprin

Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Caused by Red Blood Cell Transfusion Involving Residual Plasma Anti-HLA Antibodies: A report on two Cases and General Considerations

TRALI is considered a serious hazard among immune complications of blood transfusion and its occurrence is admitted to be globally underestimated. Each type of blood product is likely to cause TRALI. We report here on two consecutive observations of TRALI caused by red blood cell concentrates, in which anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies resulting from post-gravitational allo-immunization were evidenced in donors. HLA class I and II antigenic community between recipients and donors' husbands were found and strong reacting IgG antibodies directed at several of those common antigens were detected in the donors' serum. Both donors had more than 3 pregnancies, raising the issue of blood donor selection or of plasma reduction for cellular products

A map and a database for flint-bearing formations in Southern France: A tool for Petroarchaeology

Une carte des principales formations à silex du sud de la France est en cours de réalisation. Elle propose, à tous les préhistoriens, une base nécessaire au développement d’études interrégionales sur la circulation des silex. Elle est le fruit d’une collaboration entre des acteurs impliqués dans la problématique de caractérisation de la provenance des silex. Elle regroupe les résultats de leurs prospections systématiques ou ciblées dans six régions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Elle intègre, en plus, le dépouillement d’un grand nombre de documents : i) les principaux articles et thèses traitant des formations à silex du sud de la France ; ii) plus de 200 fiches issues de la base de données du sous-sol BSS du BRGM, qui permettent de visualiser des logs ou des documents scannés ; iii) 529 cartes géologiques à 1/50 000 et leurs notices. La carte est organisée en trois couches de données superposables : une carte des affleurements ou gîtes primaires, une carte des altérites et des formations superficielles remaniées et une carte des formations alluviales. La carte existera dans deux versions numériques aisément actualisables : une version dans un format PDF et une version sous la forme d’un SIG. C’est l’ensemble de la formation contenant le ou les même(s) type(s) de silex qui est prise en compte, le terme de formation désignant un terrain possédant des caractères communs et qui constitue un ensemble cartographiable. Chacune des formations recensées fait l’objet d’une notice simplifiée qui décrit l’encaissant et - le ou les - type(s) de silex présent(s). Ces notices descriptives et explicatives contiennent des photos à toutes les échelles (de la formation à l’échelle microscopique). Des références bibliographiques géologiques et archéologiques complèteront chaque notice. La version définitive de ces notices constituera un atlas. Les archéologues et géologues disposeront ainsi de fiches descriptives pour chaque type de silex et son encaissant. Elles serviront aux diagnoses analytiques (structures, textures et compositions minéralogiques).A map of the main flint bearing formations in the South of France is under construction. It will provide an essential basis to develop interregional studies about flint procurements and travels. It results from collaboration between actors involved in topic flint sourcing. It includes results of their systematic surveys and studies in six regions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenees, Provence-Alpes - Côte d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Moreover, it includes a large number of associated data : i) The main papers and those dealing with flint bearing formations of southern France, ii) more than 200 records from the under-soil database BSS BRGM, which give access to logs or scanned documents iii) 529 geological maps at 1/50 000 and their leaflets. The map is organized in three superimposed layers : a map of outcrops or primary deposits, a map of surficial weathered formation and a revised map of alluvial formations. The map is available in two versions which are easily updatable : a PDF version and an interactive GIS version. In this document, every formation containing the same type (s) (s) of flint is taken into account and forms a mappable entity. Every listed formation is linked to a text which describes the parent rock and/or the type(s) of flint(s). These records contain descriptive and explanatory pictures at different scale (naked eye to microscopic scale). Geological and archaeological references complement every record. The final version will constitute an atlas. Archaeologists and geologists will find description sheets of every type of flint and bearing rock. They will help for analytical diagnoses (structure, texture and mineralogical composition)

GASCON : Gestion agro-écologique de la santé des cultures et des organismes nuisibles

Le croisement des sciences agronomiques, de l’écologie appliquée à la gestion des agroécosystèmes,et des sciences humaines et sociales, qu’implique la transition agroécologique, pose de nouveaux défis pour répondre aux enjeux agricoles: intégrer des connaissances de différentes disciplines et produites à différentes échelles d’organisation pour agir en situation; développer des cadres d’analyse et démarches intégrant la diversité de situations à gérer par les acteurs et permettant de construire des réponses adaptées à chaque situation; et concevoir et mettre en œuvre des pratiques d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, qui dotent les apprenants de capacités à penser leur action en contexte, en mobilisant des savoirs et savoir-faire multiples en termes de contenus disciplinaires et des savoir-être pour construire des solutions avec une diversité d’acteurs. Dans le champ de la formation, ces défis nécessitent dès lors de revisiter les contenus des enseignements dispensés, les modalités pédagogiques et les dispositifs de formation existants, de manière à appréhender au mieux la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Pour autant, peu de travaux s’attardent sur les modalités pratiques de ce changement et de ses implications, alors même que de nombreuses initiatives en matière de pédagogie et d’agroécologie se développent ces dernières années. L’objectif de ce séminaire est de promouvoir une information partagée et l’échange d’expériences pour répondre aux enjeux posés par l’agroécologie dans la formation (transversalité, pluridisciplinarité, approche systémique, pédagogies actives). Ces enjeux peuvent se décliner suivant plusieurs entrées : les thématiques enseignées (agriculture, élevage, territoire, alimentation, ...); les pratiques et les dispositifs pédagogiques mis en œuvre pour aborder ces questions (enseignement numérique, dispositifs expérimentaux, projets professionnels, référentiels, ...);les publics d’apprenants: élèves, étudiants, professionnels, ..

Avant-propos

Avec la création en 2010 du Programme collectif de recherche (PCR) « Espaces et subsistance au Paléolithique moyen dans le sud du Massif central », se concrétisait la mise en place attendue d’un programme qui redonnait aux espaces préhistoriques la priorité sur les cloisonnements administratifs modernes, recollant ainsi à une réalité de continuité territoriale qui ne date pas d’hier et bien en avance sur la réunion des régions Auvergne et Rhône-Alpes intervenue en 2015. Depuis les années soix..