PERFORMANCE OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE ON THE BASIS OF VARIATION IN CARBURETOR MAIN JET USING OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

A two stroke engine is one which completes its cycle of operation in one revolution of the crankshaft or in two strokes of the piston. In many two stroke engines the mechanical construction is greatly simplified by using the piston as a slide valve in conjunction with intake and exhaust ports cut on the side of the cylinder. A carburetor is that part of a gasoline engine which provides assimilation air-fuel mixture as and when required. A driver controls the engine speed by increasing or reducing the amount of fuel with the help of accelerator pedal. The experimental results show that which size of main jet gives better result under various load and gear operating condition. The engine is started by kick-start once the gear is at the neutral position. electrical switch is provided on the board to prevent the engine

Colorimetric method for determination of corticosteroids by UV Visible Spectroscopy and its application to Ayurvedic formulations

Usage of herbomineral preparations increased drastically these days. Some of the Ayurvedic formulations are been adulterated with steroids. Usage of such formulations can be injurious to health. Hence an attempt has been made to identify and determine steroids in both Ayurvedic and pharmaceutical formulations. In the present study a simple, sensitive and economical visible spectroscopic method has been used which involves the oxidation of corticosteroids by iron(III) and subsequent complexation of iron(II) with potassium  hexacyanoferrate (III), forming bluish green colored complex having the maximum absorbance at 780 nm. The method has been applied for the determination of corticosteroids in Ayurvedic formulations. The method has been statistically validated in which the  Standard deviation ranging  from  0.0008 to 0.0135,Relative standard deviation from 0.08% to 1.35% and Standard error was varying from 0.0018 to 0.0060 for selected Ayurvedic formulations. The studies have shown that the method is fast, reproducible and accurate and can be used in the analysis of marketed formulations. The processed samples were stable up to 2 hours minimizing the error in terms of fluctuating absorbance values

(10-Ethyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diyl)bis(p-tolylmethanone)

The title compound, C30H25NO2S, crystallizes with two independent molecules (A and B) having similar conformations in the asymmetric unit. Both phenothiazine units have a butterfly structure; the dihedral angles between the planes of the benzene rings are 17.95 (13) and 12.65 (14)° for molecules A and B, respectively. In the crystal, the B molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R22(10) ring motif. The A molecules are linked by C—H...π interactions. Layers of A molecules and layers of B molecules are linked by a second C—H...π interaction, forming A–B–B–A slabs, which stack back-to-back and lie parallel to the bc plane

Phytodiversity of Herbaceous Flora in the Grasslands of Jannaram Division, Kawal Tiger Reserve, Telangana, India

Aims: To study the diversity and composition of herbaceous species in the grasslands of Jannaram division, Kawal Tiger Reserve, Telangana, India. Place and Duration of Study: Grasslands of Jannaram division, Kawal Tiger Reserve, Telangana, July 2022 to August 2023. Methodology: The study was carried out by laying out 223 sample plots in the Jannaram division by dividing Jannaram division into 3 ranges. The plot size was 1 x 1 m. Varied diversity indices such as Simpson, Shannon–Weiner, species evenness, and IVI were calculated according to standard formulae. Vegetation analysis and IVI value of each species were calculated and analysed. Results: A total of 65 species, comprising 53 genera and 21 families, were reported. The dominant family in the study area was Poaceae, followed by Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae. The Shannon–Weiner index was 3.46 and the Simpson index was 0.05, indicating high diversity with less dominance of herb layer in the study area. Top five species holding highest IVI value are Iseilema laxum (29.94), Cynodon barberi (12.19), Eragrostis amabilis (12.15), Dichanthium annulatum (11.20), and Apluda mutica (10.21). Conclusions: This research produced fundamental information regarding the types of herbaceous plants and grasses present at the Jannaram, Kawal Tiger Reserve. This would serve as a guide to the systematists, ethnobotanists, amongst several others researchers who are interested in identifying.      &nbsp

Synthesis and in vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of 5'-Acetamido-2'-Hydroxy Chalcone derivatives

Abstract A series of chalcones (3a-j

Low Potency of Indian Dust Mite Allergen Skin Prick Test Extracts Compared to FDA-Approved Extracts: A Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial

Background Skin prick testing is the most important diagnostic tool to detect immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic diseases. With increase in the number of allergy tests performed in India, it is imperative to know the potency of indigenous extracts in comparison with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved extracts. Methods A randomized comparison trial of Indian manufactured and USFDA-approved extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) and Dermatophagoides farinae (DF) was done at Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India from April 2014 to June 2015, to compare the skin test reactivity of indigenous allergen extracts of dust mites against validated allergen. Study enrollment included 197 patients with allergic disorders that showed sensitivity to dust mite during routine allergy skin testing. Study participants were tested with varying dilutions of DP and DF indigenous extracts along with USFDA-approved allergens in a blinded fashion. Results were recorded, and statistical significance was calculated using the Friedman rank sum test. Results Using the Friedman rank sum test with a Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons, we found that the extracts in each dilution were significantly different ( P  < .0001). The full strength indigenous extracts, B-DF (DF allergen standard extract from Bioproducts and Diagnostics, India) and C-DF (DF allergen extract from Creative Diagnostics, India) extracts, had mean wheal sizes of 7.69 (standard deviation [SD] 9.91) and 31.01(SD 51.04), respectively. The full strength S-DF (DF allergen extract from Jubilant Hollister Stier, Spokane, WA, USA) had a mean wheal size of 109.97 (SD 162.73), which was significantly higher ( P  < .0001) than both the indigenous extracts. For each of the dilutions, the S-DF mean wheal size was significantly greater than that of the corresponding B-DF and C-DF wheal sizes. The full strength indigenous C-DP (DP allergen extract from Creative Diagnostics, India) had mean wheal size of 39.37 (SD 51.74). The full strength standard S-DP (DP allergen extract from Jubilant Hollister Stier, Spokane, WA, USA) extract had a mean wheal size of 167.66 (SD 270.80), which was significantly higher ( P  < .0001) than the indigenous C-DP extract. Similar differences were seen across all dilutions. Conclusion The indigenous extracts have significantly lower potency compared to USFDA-approved extracts; hence, there is an urgent need for policy makers to institute stringent criteria for standardization of antigens in India