Maternal dietary fatty acid intake during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring.

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between the maternal intake of fatty acids during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring. The study included 4887 children with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-conferred type 1 diabetes susceptibility born during the years 1997-2004 from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Maternal diet was assessed with a validated FFQ. The offspring were observed at 3- to 12-month intervals for the appearance of type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and development of clinical type 1 diabetes (average follow-up period: 4·6 years (range 0·5-11·5 years)). Altogether, 240 children developed preclinical type 1 diabetes and 112 children developed clinical type 1 diabetes. Piecewise linear log-hazard survival model and Cox proportional-hazards regression were used for statistical analyses. The maternal intake of palmitic acid (hazard ratio (HR) 0·82, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·99) and high consumption of cheese during pregnancy (highest quarter v. intermediate half HR 0·52, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·87) were associated with a decreased risk of clinical type 1 diabetes. The consumption of sour milk products (HR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·28), intake of protein from sour milk (HR 1·15, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·29) and intake of fat from fresh milk (HR 1·43, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·96) were associated with an increased risk of preclinical type 1 diabetes, and the intake of low-fat margarines (HR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·92) was associated with a decreased risk. No conclusive associations between maternal fatty acid intake or food consumption during pregnancy and the development of type 1 diabetes in the offspring were detected

Dietary fatty acid intake in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes : the DIPP birth cohort study

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Purpose The aim was to study the associations between dietary intake of fatty acids in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods The prospective Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study included children with genetic susceptibility to T1D born between 1996 and 2004. Participants were followed up every 3 to 12 months up to 6 years for diet, islet autoantibodies, and T1D. Dietary intake of several fatty acids at the age of 3 months to 6 years was assessed 1-8 times per participant with a 3-day food record. Joint models adjusted for energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and familial diabetes were used to investigate the associations of longitudinal intake of fatty acids and the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Results During the 6-year follow-up, 247 (4.4%) children of 5626 developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) children of 5674 developed T1D. Higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47, 0.82), arachidonic acid (0.69; 0.50, 0.94), total n-3 fatty acids (0.64; 0.48, 0.84), and long-chain n-3 fatty acids (0.14; 0.04, 0.43), was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity with and without energy adjustment. Higher intake of total fat (0.73; 0.53, 0.98), and saturated fatty acids (0.55; 0.33, 0.90) was associated with a decreased risk of T1D only when energy adjusted. Conclusion Intake of several fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D among high-risk children. Our findings support the idea that dietary factors, including n-3 fatty acids, may play a role in the disease process of T1D.Peer reviewe

Kuitugeometrian vaikutus 3D-tulostetun kappaleen taivutuslujuuteen

Hammastekniikassa käytetyt materiaalit tarvitsevat usein rinnalleen mekaanista kestävyyttä vahvistavia kuituja. Kuidun lisääminen käsityönä vaatii hammasteknikolta ammattitaitoa ja tietoa kappaleen tehokkaasta vahvistamisesta. Digitaaliset työskentelymenetelmät ovat yleistyneet ja korvanneet perinteisiä valmistusmenetelmiä. 3D-tulostimet ovat osa tätä kehitystä. Hammasteknisiin vaatimuksiin yltäviä muovia sekä metallia tulostavia laitteita on jo käytössä laboratorioissa, mutta kuitukomposiittitulostimet ovat vielä kehityksen tarpeessa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia, miten erilaiset kuitugeometriat vaikuttavat testikappaleen taivutuslujuuteen. Testikappaleet valmistettiin tulostamalla kuituvahvisteisia komposiittikappaleita. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa optimaalisesta kuitugeometriasta sekä tulostettavasta kuitukomposiitista. Testikappaleet valmistettiin Markforgedin Mark Two-tulostimella ja suunniteltiin Eiger-suunnitteluohjelmistolla. Testikappaleet kävivät läpi kolmipistetaivutustestin standardin ISO 20795-1 mukaisesti. Testiryhmiä oli kuusi. Neljä oli suunniteltu Krenchelin faktorin mukaisesti ja yksi Eigerin ehdottamalla kuitugeometrialla. Kuudes ryhmä oli vahvistamaton kontrolliryhmä. Materiaaleina käytettiin Markforgedin Fiberglass-lasikuitua ja Nylon White-muovia. Taivutustestin tulokset analysoitiin tilastollisilla menetelmillä. Lopuksi laskettiin kappaleiden kuituvolyymit. Taivutuslujuustestin tulosten perusteella ryhmät 1–4 mukailivat Krenchelin faktorin teoriaa, jossa ryhmä 2 (0°) oli selvästi vahvin ja ryhmä 1 (90°) heikoin. Eiger-ohjelmiston ehdottama kuitugeometria oli mitattavissa arvoissa toiseksi vahvin. Tulos osoittaa suunnitteluohjelmiston kyvyn luoda kestävä ehdotus kappaleen vahvistamisesta. Testikappaleiden suurin kuituvolyymi oli ryhmällä 2, jonka tulos oli 24,9 t%. Matalin kuituvolyymi oli ryhmällä 4, jonka tulos oli 15,2 t%. Kuituvolyymit jäivät alhaisiksi verrattuna käytännön maksimiin (~70 t%). Näin ollen tutkimuksessa käytetyllä 3D-tulostimella ei saavutettu haluttua kuidun määrää testikappaleessa

Development of a harmonized food grouping system for between-country comparisons in the TEDDY Study

The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) is an international study aiming to investigate associations between dietary and other environmental factors and the risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h recall and repeated 3-day food records and analyzed using country-specific food composition databases (FCDBs) in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. with respective in-house calculation programs. A food grouping harmonization process between four country-specific FCDBs was conducted to evaluate and achieve comparability on food group definitions and quantification of food consumption across the countries. Systematic review revealed that the majority of existing food groups of the TEDDY FCDBs were not comparable. Therefore, a completely new classification system of 15 mutually exclusive main food groups (e.g. vegetables) and 89 subgroups (e.g. root vegetables, leafy vegetables) was developed. Foods and beverages were categorized into basic foods (single ingredient) and composite dishes (multiple ingredients). Composite dishes were broken down to ingredients using food composition data available in the FCDBs or generic recipes created for the harmonization effort. The daily consumption of every food group across FCDBs was quantified consistently as either raw or prepared weight depending on the food group to achieve maximal comparability

Dietary fatty acid intake in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes : the DIPP birth cohort study

Purpose The aim was to study the associations between dietary intake of fatty acids in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods The prospective Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study included children with genetic susceptibility to T1D born between 1996 and 2004. Participants were followed up every 3 to 12 months up to 6 years for diet, islet autoantibodies, and T1D. Dietary intake of several fatty acids at the age of 3 months to 6 years was assessed 1-8 times per participant with a 3-day food record. Joint models adjusted for energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and familial diabetes were used to investigate the associations of longitudinal intake of fatty acids and the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Results During the 6-year follow-up, 247 (4.4%) children of 5626 developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) children of 5674 developed T1D. Higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47, 0.82), arachidonic acid (0.69; 0.50, 0.94), total n-3 fatty acids (0.64; 0.48, 0.84), and long-chain n-3 fatty acids (0.14; 0.04, 0.43), was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity with and without energy adjustment. Higher intake of total fat (0.73; 0.53, 0.98), and saturated fatty acids (0.55; 0.33, 0.90) was associated with a decreased risk of T1D only when energy adjusted. Conclusion Intake of several fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D among high-risk children. Our findings support the idea that dietary factors, including n-3 fatty acids, may play a role in the disease process of T1D.Peer reviewe