Diagnosis and management of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) fusion sarcomas : expert recommendations from the World Sarcoma Network

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with mesenchymal lineage differentiation. The discovery of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions as tissue-agnostic oncogenic drivers has led to new personalized therapies for a subset of patients with sarcoma in the form of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors. NTRK gene rearrangements and fusion transcripts can be detected with different molecular pathology techniques, while TRK protein expression can be demonstrated with immunohistochemistry. The rarity and diagnostic complexity of NTRK gene fusions raise a number of questions and challenges for clinicians. To address these challenges, the World Sarcoma Network convened two meetings of expert adult oncologists and pathologists and subsequently developed this article to provide practical guidance on the management of patients with sarcoma harboring NTRK gene fusions. We propose a diagnostic strategy that considers disease stage and histologic and molecular subtypes to facilitate routine testing for TRK expression and subsequent testing for NTRK gene fusions.Peer reviewe

Diagnosis and management of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) fusion sarcomas: expert recommendations from the World Sarcoma Network

© 2020 The Author(s).Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with mesenchymal lineage differentiation. The discovery of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions as tissue-agnostic oncogenic drivers has led to new personalized therapies for a subset of patients with sarcoma in the form of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors. NTRK gene rearrangements and fusion transcripts can be detected with different molecular pathology techniques, while TRK protein expression can be demonstrated with immunohistochemistry. The rarity and diagnostic complexity of NTRK gene fusions raise a number of questions and challenges for clinicians. To address these challenges, the World Sarcoma Network convened two meetings of expert adult oncologists and pathologists and subsequently developed this article to provide practical guidance on the management of patients with sarcoma harboring NTRK gene fusions. We propose a diagnostic strategy that considers disease stage and histologic and molecular subtypes to facilitate routine testing for TRK expression and subsequent testing for NTRK gene fusions.GDD was supported in part by the Ludwig Center at Harvard; the Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation; and the Pan Mass Challenge (no grant numbers). IMS is supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (grant number K08 CA241085). JYB was supported by NetSARC (INCA & DGOS) and RREPS (INCA & DGOS), RESOS (INCA & DGOS), EURACAN (EC 739521), LYRICAN (INCA-DGOS-INSERM 12563), LabEx DEvweCAN (ANR-10-LABX-0061), Institut Convergence PLASCAN (17-CONV-0002), RHU4 DEPGYN (ANR-18-RHUS-0009)

Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: plants, animals and microbial aspects

The green synthesis (GS) of different metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) has re-evaluated plants, animals and microorganisms for their natural potential to reduce metallic ions into neutral atoms at no expense of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Contrary to chemically synthesized MNPs, GS offers advantages of enhanced biocompatibility and thus has better scope for biomedical applications. Plant, animals and microorganisms belonging to lower and higher taxonomic groups have been experimented for GS of MNPs, such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron (Fe2O3), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel oxide (NiO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). Among the different plant groups used for GS, angiosperms and algae have been explored the most with great success. GS with animal-derived biomaterials, such as chitin, silk (sericin, fibroin and spider silk) or cell extract of invertebrates have also been reported. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, different fungal species and virus particles have also shown their abilities in the reduction of metal ions. However, not a thumb rule, most of the reducing agents sourced from living world also act as capping agents and render MNPs less toxic or more biocompatible. The most unexplored area so far in GS is the mechanism studies for different natural reducing agents expect for few of them, such as tea and neem plants. This review encompasses the recent advances in the GS of MNPs using plants, animals and microorganisms and analyzes the key points and further discusses the pros and cons of GS in respect of chemical synthesis.Fil: Das, Ratul Kumar. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. The Energy and Resources Institute; IndiaFil: Pachapur, Vinayak Laxman. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Lonappan, Linson. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Naghdi, Mitra. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Pulicharla, Rama. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Maiti, Sampa. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Cledón, Maximiliano. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni"; ArgentinaFil: Dalila, Larios Martinez Araceli. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Sarma, Saurabh Jyoti. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Brar, Satinder Kaur. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canad