Difference and equality in school instruction. On the slow changes in an equity oriented education

"Die zunehmende Beachtung und Befürwortung von \u27Differenzen\u27 könnte den Anspruch auf Gleichheit in Vergessenheit geraten lassen. Das Respektieren von Differenzen darf nicht bedeuten, die Verhältnisse, in denen Menschen leben, in jedem Fall so zu belassen, wie sie nun einmal sind. Das hat für das pädagogische Handeln vielfältige Konsequenzen." Im Beitrag werden folgende Konsequenzen gezogen: 1. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Differenz ist für das pädagogische Handeln unerläßlich. 2. Pädagogische Prozesse streben immer einen Konsens an. 3. Die Heranwachsenden sind auf die Verläßlichkeit und Zuverlässigkeit der Erwachsenen angewiesen. 4. Die Beachtung der Differenz und der Anspruch auf Gleichheit gehören zusammen. 5. Die Pädagogik muß an ihrer mäeutischen Aufgabe festhalten. (DIPF/Sch.)Stimulated by the sixth supplement of this periodical (Schlömerkemper 2000) the author asks, whether an increased attention to and affirmation of "differences" tends to eclipse the claim to equality. Respecting differences should not imply leaving human relations in the state they are in. (DIPF/Orig.

Glycine receptor autoantibody binding to the extracellular domain is independent from receptor glycosylation

Glycine receptor (GlyR) autoantibodies are associated with stiff-person syndrome and the life-threatening progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus in children and adults. Patient histories show variability in symptoms and responses to therapeutic treatments. A better understanding of the autoantibody pathology is required to develop improved therapeutic strategies. So far, the underlying molecular pathomechanisms include enhanced receptor internalization and direct receptor blocking altering GlyR function. A common epitope of autoantibodies against the GlyRα1 has been previously defined to residues 1 A- 33 G at the N-terminus of the mature GlyR extracellular domain. However, if other autoantibody binding sites exist or additional GlyR residues are involved in autoantibody binding is yet unknown. The present study investigates the importance of receptor glycosylation for binding of anti-GlyR autoantibodies. The glycine receptor α1 harbors only one glycosylation site at the amino acid residue asparagine 38 localized in close vicinity to the identified common autoantibody epitope. First, non-glycosylated GlyRs were characterized using protein biochemical approaches as well as electrophysiological recordings and molecular modeling. Molecular modeling of non - glycosylated GlyRα1 did not show major structural alterations. Moreover, non-glycosylation of the GlyRα1 N38Q did not prevent the receptor from surface expression. At the functional level, the non-glycosylated GlyR demonstrated reduced glycine potency, but patient GlyR autoantibodies still bound to the surface-expressed non-glycosylated receptor protein in living cells. Efficient adsorption of GlyR autoantibodies from patient samples was possible by binding to native glycosylated and non-glycosylated GlyRα1 expressed in living not fixed transfected HEK293 cells. Binding of patient-derived GlyR autoantibodies to the non-glycosylated GlyRα1 offered the possibility to use purified non-glycosylated GlyR extracellular domain constructs coated on ELISA plates and use them as a fast screening readout for the presence of GlyR autoantibodies in patient serum samples. Following successful adsorption of patient autoantibodies by GlyR ECDs, binding to primary motoneurons and transfected cells was absent. Our results indicate that the glycine receptor autoantibody binding is independent of the receptor’s glycosylation state. Purified non-glycosylated receptor domains harbouring the autoantibody epitope thus provide, an additional reliable experimental tool besides binding to native receptors in cell-based assays for detection of autoantibody presence in patient sera

Glycine receptor autoantibody binding to the extracellular domain is independent from receptor glycosylation

Glycine receptor (GlyR) autoantibodies are associated with stiff-person syndrome and the life-threatening progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus in children and adults. Patient histories show variability in symptoms and responses to therapeutic treatments. A better understanding of the autoantibody pathology is required to develop improved therapeutic strategies. So far, the underlying molecular pathomechanisms include enhanced receptor internalization and direct receptor blocking altering GlyR function. A common epitope of autoantibodies against the GlyRα1 has been previously defined to residues 1A-33G at the N-terminus of the mature GlyR extracellular domain. However, if other autoantibody binding sites exist or additional GlyR residues are involved in autoantibody binding is yet unknown. The present study investigates the importance of receptor glycosylation for binding of anti-GlyR autoantibodies. The glycine receptor α1 harbors only one glycosylation site at the amino acid residue asparagine 38 localized in close vicinity to the identified common autoantibody epitope. First, non-glycosylated GlyRs were characterized using protein biochemical approaches as well as electrophysiological recordings and molecular modeling. Molecular modeling of non-glycosylated GlyRα1 did not show major structural alterations. Moreover, non-glycosylation of the GlyRα1N38Q did not prevent the receptor from surface expression. At the functional level, the non-glycosylated GlyR demonstrated reduced glycine potency, but patient GlyR autoantibodies still bound to the surface-expressed non-glycosylated receptor protein in living cells. Efficient adsorption of GlyR autoantibodies from patient samples was possible by binding to native glycosylated and non-glycosylated GlyRα1 expressed in living not fixed transfected HEK293 cells. Binding of patient-derived GlyR autoantibodies to the non-glycosylated GlyRα1 offered the possibility to use purified non-glycosylated GlyR extracellular domain constructs coated on ELISA plates and use them as a fast screening readout for the presence of GlyR autoantibodies in patient serum samples. Following successful adsorption of patient autoantibodies by GlyR ECDs, binding to primary motoneurons and transfected cells was absent. Our results indicate that the glycine receptor autoantibody binding is independent of the receptor’s glycosylation state. Purified non-glycosylated receptor domains harbouring the autoantibody epitope thus provide, an additional reliable experimental tool besides binding to native receptors in cell-based assays for detection of autoantibody presence in patient sera

Searches at HERA for Squarks in R-Parity Violating Supersymmetry

A search for squarks in R-parity violating supersymmetry is performed in e^+p collisions at HERA at a centre of mass energy of 300 GeV, using H1 data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 37 pb^(-1). The direct production of single squarks of any generation in positron-quark fusion via a Yukawa coupling lambda' is considered, taking into account R-parity violating and conserving decays of the squarks. No significant deviation from the Standard Model expectation is found. The results are interpreted in terms of constraints within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the constrained MSSM and the minimal Supergravity model, and their sensitivity to the model parameters is studied in detail. For a Yukawa coupling of electromagnetic strength, squark masses below 260 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in a large part of the parameter space. For a 100 times smaller coupling strength masses up to 182 GeV are excluded.Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, 3 table

Measurements of Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Measurements of transverse energy flow are presented for neutral current deep-inelastic scattering events produced in positron-proton collisions at HERA. The kinematic range covers squared momentum transfers Q^2 from 3.2 to 2,200 GeV^2, the Bjorken scaling variable x from 8.10^{-5} to 0.11 and the hadronic mass W from 66 to 233 GeV. The transverse energy flow is measured in the hadronic centre of mass frame and is studied as a function of Q^2, x, W and pseudorapidity. A comparison is made with QCD based models. The behaviour of the mean transverse energy in the central pseudorapidity region and an interval corresponding to the photon fragmentation region are analysed as a function of Q^2 and W.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Eur. Phys.

Forward Jet and Particle Production at HERA

Single particles and jets in deeply inelastic scattering at low x are measured with the H1 detector in the region away from the current jet and towards the proton remnant, known as the forward region. Hadronic final state measurements in this region are expected to be particularly sensitive to QCD evolution effects. Jet cross sections are presented as a function of Bjorken- x for forward jets produced with a polar angle to the proton direction, θ jet , in the range 7° < θ jet < 20°. Azimuthal correlations are studied between the forward jet and the scattered lepton. Charged and neutral single particle production in the forward region are measured as a function of Bjorken- x , in the range 5° < θ < 25°, for particle transverse momenta larger than 1 GeV. QCD based Monte Carlo predictions and analytical calculations based on BFKL, CCFM and DGLAP evolution are compared to the data. Predictions based on the DGLAP approach fail to describe the data, except for those which allow for a resolved photon contribution

Inelastic Photoproduction of J/Psi Mesons at HERA

An analysis of inelastic photoproduction of J/Psi mesons is presented using data collected at the ep collider HERA corresponding to an integrated luminosity of above 80pb-1. Differential and double differential cross sections are measured in a wide kinematic region: 60<W_gammap<260 GeV, 1<p_t^2< 60 GeV^2 and 0.05<z<0.9, where z is the fraction of the energy of the exchanged photon transferred to the J/Psi meson in the rest frame of the target proton. Cross sections at z<0.3 are presented for the first time. Theoretical calculations within the Colour Singlet Model at NLO for direct photon processes are shown to give a good description of the data in the medium z region (0.3<z<0.9) up to the highest p_t^2 values. A calculation using a k_t factorisation approach in LO in the Colour Singlet Model is also able to describe these data. The data in the full z range are also compared to LO calculations within a non-relativistic QCD framework including color octet and colour singlet contributions for direct and resolved photons. It seems possible to reconcile data and theory with modest contributions from colour octet processes. The polarisation of the J/Psi meson is measured as a function of z and p_t,psi and is reasonably described by the theoretical predictions.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, 11 table

Inelastic Leptoproduction of J/Psi Mesons at HERA

The leptoproduction of J/psi mesons is studied in inelastic reactions for four momentum transfers 2<Q^2<100GeV^2. The data were taken with the H1 detector at the electron proton collider HERA and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 77 pb-1. Single differential and double differential cross sections are measured with increased precision compared with previous analyses. New leading order calculations within the non-relativistic QCD factorisation approach including colour octet and colour singlet contributions are compared with the data and are found to give a reasonable description of most distributions. An exception is the shape of the distribution in the J/psi fractional energy, z, which deviates significantly from that of the data. Comparisons with photoproduction are made and the polarisation of the produced J/psi meson is analysed.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures and 7 table

Questions children ask - developmental and hermeneutical aspects

Die Fragen der Kinder stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit dem Verständnis, das die Erwachsenen dafür aufbringen. Dieses Problem wird expliziert: Wie erwirbt das Kind die Fähigkeit des Fragens? Hier wird an eine Arbeit aus den zwanziger Jahren angeknüpft. Inwiefern stellen die Kinder philosophische Fragen? Beispiele aus der Sicht eines Philosophen und solche aus dem Schulunterricht. Aus diesen Problemen werden einige hermeneutische Gesichtspunkte herausgearbeitet, die dazu Anlaß geben, die Schule, aber auch den Bildungsbegriff in neuer Perspektive zu sehen. (DIPF/Orig.

Social learning - advantages and disadvantages of an ambiguous term

Das Wort vom sozialen Lernen stößt wegen seiner Vieldeutigkeit zunehmend auf Kritik. Man ist darüber enttäuscht, daß dieser Begriff so wenig beitragen konnte zu einer Verbesserung der sozialen Praxis. Dabei hatte alles recht verheißungsvoll angefangen. Es wird beschrieben, wie der Begriff sich bei uns einbürgerte, in welchen Bereichen er sich festsetzte und auf welche Kritik er stieß. Dies gibt Anlaß, die Widersprüche zu erläutern, die der Begriff auslöst: Je stärker wir das soziale Lernen betonen, desto deutlicher zeigen sich die keineswegs sozialen Bedingungen, unter denen das Lehren steht. So muß man sich fragen, ob dem sozialen Lernen überhaupt ein reales Phänomen entspricht. Ein ausführlich erläutertes Beispiel zeigt, daß das Schlüsselphänomen des sozialen Lernens im Umgang mit der Erfahrung der Macht besteht. Zuletzt geht es um die Konsequenzen dieser Analyse: Es gibt kein nichtsoziales Lernen; die Didaktik muß daraus die Konsequenzen ziehen und das Phänomen der Sozialität bereits in ihrem logischen bzw. erkenntnistheoretischen Ansatz berücksichtigen. (DIPF/Orig.