Anti-obesity public health vs. fat acceptance: impacts on 'fat' as a marginalized identity

I will argue that anti-obesity public health (AOPH), with a focus on Canadian AOPH, performs three functions with respect to the fat acceptance movements (FAMs). These are as follows. Firstly, AOPH distracts by derailing FAMs’ advocation for fat justice towards matters of health and the weight-science surrounding fatness. Secondly, AOPH covers up and creates new fat stigmatizing attitudes through the use of linguistic strategies such as medicalized language and devices called figleaves, which resonate with the public precisely because they enact deeply entrenched cultural themes of healthism. Lastly, AOPH attempts to eradicate fatness and thus fat-positive identities, which effectively aims to eliminate a valuable marginalized perspective, and epistemically disadvantages society as a result. Chapter 1 examines the content of the Canadian AOPH’s latest (2011) Obesity in Canada report, which contains a skew in favour of a dominant and problematic discourse on ‘fat’ as interchangeable with ‘unhealthy’ and therefore objectionable, representing a pervasive mode of shaping FAMs’ discourse that facilitates the derailment towards talk of health, weight science, and economic burden. Chapter 2 focuses on linguistic devices called anti-fat figleaves, which are statements or symbols that work to obscure fat stigmatizing speech acts, behaviours, or actions. These linguistic devices, in conjunction with a healthist cultural backdrop that elevates health to a supervalue and stigmatizes illness, work to reinforce anti-fat attitudes and fat discrimination, as disseminated by AOPH. Chapter 3 examines how the first two functions of AOPH, to distract fat justice and cover up fat stigma, shape and work to eradicate fat identity, using a model of marginalized identity formation to demonstrate this disruption and eradication of fat identity. I conclude that while there is a promising increase in focus on the harms of fat stigma and acknowledgement of fat autonomy in medicine, much more work needs to be done to do away with a weight-centred healthcare paradigm that reinforces fat discrimination through over-emphasis on obesity prevention and eradication

On the identification of sensory information from mixed nerves by using single-channel cuff electrodes

Background: Several groups have shown that the performance of motor neuroprostheses can be significantly improved by detecting specific sensory events related to the ongoing motor task (e.g., the slippage of an object during grasping). Algorithms have been developed to achieve this goal by processing electroneurographic (ENG) afferent signals recorded by using single-channel cuff electrodes. However, no efforts have been made so far to understand the number and type of detectable sensory events that can be differentiated from whole nerve recordings using this approach. Methods: To this aim, ENG afferent signals, evoked by different sensory stimuli were recorded using single-channel cuff electrodes placed around the sciatic nerve of anesthetized rats. The ENG signals were digitally processed and several features were extracted and used as inputs for the classification. The work was performed on integral datasets, without eliminating any noisy parts, in order to be as close as possible to real application. Results: The results obtained showed that single-channel cuff electrodes are able to provide information on two to three different afferent (proprioceptive, mechanical and nociceptive) stimuli, with reasonably good discrimination ability. The classification performances are affected by the SNR of the signal, which in turn is related to the diameter of the fibers encoding a particular type of neurophysiological stimulus. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that signals of acceptable SNR and corresponding to different physiological modalities (e.g. mediated by different types of nerve fibers) may be distinguished

Models and Experiments in Bioengineering: Why Synergies Are Encouraged

Does the future of bioengineering lie in models or experiments? The long-standing debate on how and how much experimental and theoretical research in our field should cooperate can shape the future. This debate means often a choice, early in the bioengineer’s career. A bioengineer may prefer to address scientific questions based on experimental tests, or on computational and theoretical analyses. This fundamental choice can drive the future bioengineer’s mindset. Unsurprisingly, laboratories and researchers often assemble in separate, competitive teams. Indeed, the way bioengineers tackle a question is shaped by the characteristic techniques – experimental, theoretical, and computational – they are trained for. Here, without neglecting the obvious advantages of specializing exclusively in experimental, or theoretical and computational studies, I advocate a way of doing synergistic research that combine different approaches. Moreover, I believe that bioengineering desperately needs synergy and cooperation to pave the way for significant discoveries. We need efforts to train a new generation of biomedical engineers: individuals who take advantage of these synergies, who design projects accordingly, and who make these approaches work cooperatively.Seventh Framework Programme (European Commission) (Marie Sklodowska-Curie International Outgoing Fellowship Grant PIOF-GA-2013-625500

Decoding Information From Neural Signals Recorded Using Intraneural Electrodes: Toward the Development of a Neurocontrolled Hand Prosthesis

The possibility of controlling dexterous hand prostheses by using a direct connection with the nervous system is particularly interesting for the significant improvement of the quality of life of patients, which can derive from this achievement. Among the various approaches, peripheral nerve based intrafascicular electrodes are excellent neural interface candidates, representing an excellent compromise between high selectivity and relatively low invasiveness. Moreover, this approach has undergone preliminary testing in human volunteers and has shown promise. In this paper, we investigate whether the use of intrafascicular electrodes can be used to decode multiple sensory and motor information channels with the aim to develop a finite state algorithm that may be employed to control neuroprostheses and neurocontrolled hand prostheses. The results achieved both in animal and human experiments show that the combination of multiple sites recordings and advanced signal processing techniques (such as wavelet denoising and spike sorting algorithms) can be used to identify both sensory stimuli (in animal models) and motor commands (in a human volunteer). These findings have interesting implications, which should be investigated in future experiments. © 2006 IEEE

A model for selection of eyespots on butterfly wings

The development of eyespots on the wing surface of butterflies of the family Nympalidae is one of the most studied examples of biological pattern formation.However, little is known about the mechanism that determines the number and precise locations of eyespots on the wing. Eyespots develop around signaling centers, called foci, that are located equidistant from wing veins along the midline of a wing cell (an area bounded by veins). A fundamental question that remains unsolved is, why a certain wing cell develops an eyespot, while other wing cells do not. We illustrate that the key to understanding focus point selection may be in the venation system of the wing disc. Our main hypothesis is that changes in morphogen concentration along the proximal boundary veins of wing cells govern focus point selection. Based on previous studies, we focus on a spatially two-dimensional reaction-diffusion system model posed in the interior of each wing cell that describes the formation of focus points. Using finite element based numerical simulations, we demonstrate that variation in the proximal boundary condition is sufficient to robustly select whether an eyespot focus point forms in otherwise identical wing cells. We also illustrate that this behavior is robust to small perturbations in the parameters and geometry and moderate levels of noise. Hence, we suggest that an anterior-posterior pattern of morphogen concentration along the proximal vein may be the main determinant of the distribution of focus points on the wing surface. In order to complete our model, we propose a two stage reaction-diffusion system model, in which an one-dimensional surface reaction-diffusion system, posed on the proximal vein, generates the morphogen concentrations that act as non-homogeneous Dirichlet (i.e., fixed) boundary conditions for the two-dimensional reaction-diffusion model posed in the wing cells. The two-stage model appears capable of generating focus point distributions observed in nature. We therefore conclude that changes in the proximal boundary conditions are sufficient to explain the empirically observed distribution of eyespot focus points on the entire wing surface. The model predicts, subject to experimental verification, that the source strength of the activator at the proximal boundary should be lower in wing cells in which focus points form than in those that lack focus points. The model suggests that the number and locations of eyespot foci on the wing disc could be largely controlled by two kinds of gradients along two different directions, that is, the first one is the gradient in spatially varying parameters such as the reaction rate along the anterior-posterior direction on the proximal boundary of the wing cells, and the second one is the gradient in source values of the activator along the veins in the proximal-distal direction of the wing cell

Decoding of grasping information from neural signals recorded using peripheral intrafascicular interfaces

The restoration of complex hand functions by creating a novel bidirectional link between the nervous system and a dexterous hand prosthesis is currently pursued by several research groups. This connection must be fast, intuitive, with a high success rate and quite natural to allow an effective bidirectional flow of information between the user's nervous system and the smart artificial device. This goal can be achieved with several approaches and among them, the use of implantable interfaces connected with the peripheral nervous system, namely intrafascicular electrodes, is considered particularly interesting