Роль етики як науки у формуванні культури міжособистісних стосунків майбутніх учителів

У статті висвітлюються можливості етики, як філософсько світоглядного знання в організації процесу формування культури міжособистісних стосунків майбутніх вчителів, акцентується увага на гуманізації міжособистісних стосунків вчителів і учнів

Impact of Fiscal Decentralisation on Human Development: A Case Study of Pakistan

Fiscal decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority and responsibility from central government to sub-national or the local government. It is mostly pre-assumed that fiscal decentralisation can play important role in the efficient allocations of resources and improvement of the political, economic and social activities. Many studies unlock the relationship between federal government and sub-national governments or local government. Fiscal decentralisation theories mostly based on Richard Musgrave’s (1939) functions of government. He defined three roles: stabilisation, allocation and distribution whereas, only the allocation function seems to be appropriate to fiscal decentralisation theory. Because these three functions are not equally suitable for all level of governments and it is necessary for efficiency that each function is properly matched to the level. It is a step forward towards more responsive and efficient governance if the decentralisation is done properly [Oates (1972)]. The logic behind fiscal decentralisation is accountability and efficiency; the smaller organisations are more fragile for accountability than the larger ones. However, decentralisation has not always been effective in the provision of service delivery and hardly accountable due to lack of community participation. If there is no spill over effects and in the absence of diseconomies of scale it could be effective and efficient. The sub-national governments where the externalities are internalised and scale economies are acceptable fiscal responsibilities should be assigned [Rodden, et al. (2003)]. The sub-national governments are much closer to the people and they are better informed to respond according to their demands of goods and services [Hayek (1945); Qian and Weingast (1997)]. Service deliveries are highly dependent on transfers from central governments. It is necessary to increase the revenue autonomy of sub-national governments and it is linked with the service delivery in social sector [Elhiraika (2007)]. Lower level of governments is closer to the people and much aware of the preferences of localities. Service deliveries should be located at the lowest level because decentralised provision of services increases the economic welfare [Oates (1999)]

Stability and bifurcation of aquatic food chain model

The objective of this paper is to study the dynamical behavior of an aquatic food chain system. A mathematical model that includes nutrients and harmful phytoplankton and zooplankton is proposed and analyzed. The phytoplankton produces a toxic substance as a strategy of defense against predation by zooplankton. Its assumed that all the feeding processes in this food chain are depending on the Holling type-II functional response. Further a portion of dead phytoplankton and zooplankton are return to the nutrient due to the decomposition process. This model is represented mathematically by the set of nonlinear differential equations. The existence, uniqueness and boundedness of the solution of this model are investigated. The local and global stability conditions of all possible equilibrium points are established. The occurrence of local bifurcation (such as saddle-node, transcritical and pitchfork) a long with Hopf bifurcation near each of the equilibrium points are discussed. Finally, numerical simulation is used to study the global dynamics of this model. Keywords: nutrient , phytoplankton, zooplankton, stability analysis, stability bifurcation

THE WOUNDED HEALER: AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-STIGMA INTERVENTION TARGETED AT THE MEDICAL PROFESSION?

Aims: To investigate whether a brief, contact based anti-stigma interventionentitled, ‘The Wounded Healer’ can positively influence participants’ views towards mental health challenges in medical students and doctors. We also wanted to raise awareness of the importance of registering witha General Practitioner (GP) and consulting him/her when under mental distress. Background: Despite the perception that medical students and doctors should be ‘invincible’, mental health challenges are common in this population. Doctors and medical students have low levels of help-seeking for their own psychiatric problems often only presenting to mental health services once a crisis arises. Fear of exposure to stigmatization is a critical factor contributing to symptom concealment and is a major barrier to accessing mental health services. Method: The Wounded Healer was delivered to participants in 6 cohorts across the United Kingdom (UK): Cambridge Medical School (n=97), Manchester Medical School (n=36), Manchester University International Society (n=25), Sheffield Medical School (n=21), Foundation Doctors in the North West of England (n=54) and Southampton Medical School (n=23) (total sample size n=256). Immediately following the intervention, we hand distributed paper questionnaires that contained stigma constructs to each individual participant.Answers were on a Likert-type scale and there was also space for free-text comments which were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: 174/219 (79.5%) of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that their views towards mental health issues were more positive after the talk. 172/219 (78.5%) of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the talk made them more understanding and accepting of medical students and doctors with mental illness. 156/219 (71.3%) of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the talk made them more aware of the importance of registering with a GP and consulting him/her if they felt they were under mental distress. Conclusion: Following the delivery of the anti-stigma Wounded Healer intervention a majority of respondents stated that they viewed mental health challenges in medical students and doctors in a more positive way. A majority of respondents also demonstrated a better awarenessof registering and consulting a GP if they develop mental distress. Further research which incorporates validated assessments of stigma (at baseline and at follow-up points after the intervention has been delivered), a control group and larger sample sizes are needed to determine if the Wounded Healer intervention can cause a sustained reduction in the stigma associated with mental health challenges in healthcare professionals and encourage help-seeking behaviour for mental health challenges

Fish Liver Biomarkers for Heavy Metal Pollution: A Review Article

Heavy metals as dangerous and long lasting pollutants in environment have been widely studied and monitored. Liver is the most important organ in storage and detoxification of these pollutants. Assessment of indicators, including changes in intermediate active components between the liver and pollution effect, provide sensitive liver biomarkers and can be a suitable index for health condition of fish. In addition, fish liver is a favorite model to study interaction between environmental factors and liver structure and performance. This review studies variety of liver biomarkers in molecular- cellular (damage to chromosome, DNA and lysosome; increasing metallothionein and ferritin levels), biochemical-physiological (transaminase enzymes and oxidative enzyme parameters) and morphological-histopathological levels, and investigates advantages and disadvantages of these levels. Moreover, restrictions and landscape in the future is discussed for these biomarkers exposed to heavy metals pollution. There are many liver biomarkers that can be used for identification of initial heavy metal pollution, assessment of health condition of fish and ability of fish to defense against pollution challenges. Some of these biomarkers are special for heavy metal pollution while the others are non-specia

USAGE OF SMARTPHONE BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A STUDY ON JHIKARGACHA SUB-DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

Students now have more access to online courses thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study included high school students and aimed to comprehend the drivers behind smartphone use as well as the consequences of smartphone consumption. The school-based work in the sub-district area is not seen in that way, despite the fact that there are numerous forms of research on the use of mobile phones in the context of the city, college, or university. Bangladesh's upazila (subdistricts), in particular, do not have a lot of school-related work. The study uses a quantitative approach. In order to choose Jhikargacha Upazila of Jessore District, which is situated in the Southwest of Bangladesh, purposive sampling is utilized. Additionally, three schools were purposefully selected for data collection. A further offline survey was used to collect data, and SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the findings. In addition, the facts and context of smartphone usage are analyzed using the uses and gratification theory. Most participants claimed to use their smartphones for a range of purposes and to devote varying amounts of time to each. When the corona pandemic forces all educational activities to be conducted online, they are using cellphones. Additionally, certain changes in their daily routine have been brought about by using a smartphone. Some of them think it affects their day-to-day activities by making them feel detached from reality, stay up late, experience worry and melancholy, etc.  Article visualizations

Breastfeeding, motherhood and employment: the experience of breastfeeding mothers returning to work in Qatar

Participation of women in employment in Qatar has increased significantly over the past 10 years, from 12.4% in 2011 to 37% in 2020, with 64.1% of working women also being married (Planning and Statistics Authority, Qatar). Their professional commitments notwithstanding, most of these women are also mothers, with many breastfeeding. The Quran demands that mothers breastfeed their children for the first two years of their lives. This thesis explores this tension between a rapid increase in mothers entering the labour market, and the specific historic, cultural and religious expectations upon mothers in Qatar, which create challenges for mothers, employers and policy makers that are different from those of working mothers in the Global North and need further consideration. This thesis employed a qualitative research methodology in which a total of 50 breastfeeding, professional, working mothers in the public and private sectors of Qatar were interviewed. The thesis adopts a multifaceted theoretical framing. First, matricentric feminism (O’Reilly, 2016) and Hay’s concept of intensive mothering are considered in terms of their applicability, and expanded upon in seeking to make sense of the tensions and challenges the women experienced as they returned to work following birth and a relatively short maternity leave of only 50 and 60 days, in the private and public sectors respectively, within this particular context in the Global South. Second, the theory of the gendered institution, as proposed by Acker in 1990, posits that breastfeeding mothers cannot embody the ‘ideal worker’ construct due to considerations such as the roles they can handle, interpersonal interactions, self-efficacy, and culture. Third, under maternal bodies at work theory by Gatrell, Cooper and Kossek's (2017), breastfeeding mothers are perceived as social pollutants. According to this theory, women's experiences are influenced by the perspective that maternal bodies belong in the private sphere and that their presence in the workplace is repugnant to other workers. Finally, the experiences of breastfeeding women are analysed from the perspective of their embeddedness in multiple layers of contexts, in line with the theorisation of Lewis and Den Dulk (2008). There are four layers of contexts taken into account the global, national/regional and institutional layers. Under this theoretical position, the thesis appreciates the reality that different factors interact to produce magnified or suppressed effects. Through the lens of this multifaceted theoretical framework, the findings from the interviews are analysed through thematic analysis.This thesis therefore significantly contributes to the literature on working mothers through its location in an Islamic country, and through its orientation and exploration of the significance of the religious context at the intersection of gender and employment in particular, which remains underexplored. The findings show how the mothers’ return to work is complicated by the ways in which employment policies on pregnancy, maternity and breastfeeding are not aligned with Islamic doctrine on what is expected of women seeking to conform to ideas of being a ‘good Muslim mother’ In line with matricentric feminism, the findings show that Qatari women have displayed increased propensity to seek opportunities under professional employment as a way of advancing their interests as women and mothers, while also taking care of their families. The participation of women in the workplace has magnified the effects of intensive mothering, whereby women are expected to pursue professional acheivements in the workplace, while also being a good mother in accordance with the guidelines by Islam. These guidelines impose two years breastfeeding period after the birth of a baby, in addition to other domestic responsibilities. However, the novel work-related responsibilities have made fulfilling this mandate challenging for these women. The limitations arise from circumstances that can be explained through elements of the gendered organisation since most workplaces are not set up to facilitate breastfeeding. Similarly, women are found not to fit the ‘ideal worker’ image, thus limiting the extent to which they can exercise agency. It is also apparent from the resrach findings that the maternal body of the Qatari breastfeeding women in the study is perceived as a pollutant and repugnant in most workplaces and public spaces. While providing breastfeeding facilities in the workplace and accommodating breastfeeding activities could solve some of these challenges, most of the workplaces where the women interviewed work have not taken such measures. Finally, there is evidence that most breastfeeding mothers' experiences can be linked to multiple factors based on layers of contexts, starting with the global, national/regional and finally at the institutional level. The effects of the failure by Qatar to ratify the Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183) has played a role in subsequent actions such as the provision of insufficient leave days. Furthermore, institutions have not been mandated to accommodate the interests of breastfeeding mothers by providing the necessary facilities, such as private rooms for breastfeeding or for the expression of milk. These circumstances function to cause and magnify the challenges that breastfeeding mothers experience in practice upon their return to work. It also highlights the different ways they sought to overcome these challenges. It highlights how women in Qatar find themselves in a situation in which they are compelled to adhere to religious guidelines and organisational policies that are in conflict with each other. The implications of these findings for theory, policy and practice are explored from a feminist perspective in the final discussion and conclusion. The proposal for policy changes focus on adjustments to the limited maternal leave days to provide breastfeeding mothers with more time to take care of the infant. Changes to Human Rresources policies in the workplace such as job-sharing can also provide stop-gap measures to accommodate the interests of breastfeeding mothers. For practice, it is necessary for a multi-stakeholders and multi-sector approach to developing solutions to the challenges that contribute to the negative experiences of Qatari mothers who breastfeed at work

Comparative Study for Assessment of Koha and SLIMS Features in Public Sector College Libraries of Sindh

The core aim of the study was to assess KOHA and SLiMS features in Government College Libraries of Sindh. The objectives of the study were (a) to explore the reasons of Koha and SLiMS adoption and (b) to recognize the problems face by library professionals in the implementation of Koha and SLiMS. To meet the objectives, the study used a quantitative research approach and the survey method based on the questionnaire. Purposive sampling technique was used. The data was gathered only from those librarians who were working in Govt Colleges of Karachi, Hyderabad, and Sukkur and were using Koha or SLiM software for the purpose of library automation. The response was received from 73 librarians out of 97. This study found that libraries were adopting Koha because Koha provided search facility for copy cataloguing through Z39.50, Koha provides multilingual support. It has popularity among professional community. It provides MARC21 standard for cataloguing and provision of discovery features. This study discovered that libraries adopted SLiMS due to availability of Web OPAC, MARC21 standard for cataloguing, multilingual support, and search facility for copy cataloguing through Z39.50. The study highlighted that library professionals encountered problems during the implementation of Koha included shortage of skilled manpower to install and maintain the software, shortage of finance for hardware requirement, and up-gradation of Koha versions development of software. The present study reported that requirement of highly networked and integrated environment, up gradation of SLiMS versions, support issues of UTF-8 languages, and shortage of finance for hardware requirement were the major problems in the implementation of SLiMS software