Hyperbolically embedded subgroups in terms of Fine graphs

Since the 1980s, mathematicians have been studying hyperbolic groups, and hyperbolic geometry has been considered one of the most useful tools in geometric group theory. In the 2000s, a generalization of hyperbolic groups was introduced by Dahmani, Guiraldel and Osin, known as hyperbolically embedded subgroups. This notion has several applications in group theory and low dimensional topology. In this thesis, we introduce an alternative definition of hyperbolic embedded subgroup modelled on a characterization of a relatively hyperbolic group by Bowditch [2] and prove that our notion is equivalent to the original definition

A review on gastric diverticulum

The gastric fundal diverticulae are rare. They can present with variable symptoms. We are enclosing a literature review on gastric fundal diverticulum. Lessons have emerged which may help in the management of this rare condition in future

Probing the link between oestrogen receptors and oesophageal cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human oesophageal carcinoma is considered to be one of the most aggressive malignancies and has a very poor prognosis. The incidence of oesophageal cancer shows a gender bias and is higher in males compared with females, the ratio between males and females varying from 3:1 to 7:1. This sex ratio is not entirely attributable to differences in the prevalence of known risk factors between the sexes. The potential role of oestrogen receptors (ER) in oesophageal cancer has been debated for several years but the significance of the receptors in this cancer remains unknown. Most of the work has been based on immunohistochemistry and has not been validated with other available techniques. The inconsistencies in the published literature on the link between ER expression and oesophageal cancer warrant a thorough evaluation of the potential role of ERs in this malignancy. Even the expression of the two ER isoforms, ERα and ERβ, and its implications for outcome of treatments in histological subtypes of oesophageal tumours is ill defined. The aim of this article is to provide updated information from the available literature on the current status of ER expression in oesophageal cancer and to discuss its potential therapeutic role.</p> <p>Methods and Results</p> <p>We performed a comprehensive literature search and analysed the results regarding ER expression in oesophageal tumours with special emphasis on expression of different oestrogen receptors and the role of sex hormones in oesophageal cancer. This article also focuses on the significance of the two main ER subtypes and mechanisms underlying the presumed male predominance of this disease.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We postulate that differential oestrogen receptor status may be considered a biomarker of poor clinical outcome based on tissue dedifferentiation or advanced stage of the disease. Further, if we can establish the importance of oestrogen and its receptors in the context of oesophageal cancer, then this may lead to a new future direction in the management of this malignancy.</p

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN A CIRCULAR TUBE USING RIBS OF SEPARATED PORTS ASSEMBLY

The paper deals with numerical investigation for the influence of separated ports assembly ribs on heat transfer ina steel tube of 50 cm long , outside diameter of 60 mm and inside diameter of 30 mm with constant outside surface temperature of 1000, 1200 and 1400 Ko.The renormalization group k-ε model is used to simulate turbulence in ANSYS - FLUENT 14.5. The ribs assembly (5x5 mm triangle passage) were fitted in the tube and separated by 8cm pitch. Results of temperature and velocity distribution along the tube center line for the case of tube with internal ribs were compared with that of plain tube , these results show that the use of internal ribs enhance the heat transfer rate and found to possess the highest performance factors for turbulent flow

Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Circular Tube with Rectangular Opened Rings

Turbulent forced convection of coolant air flow (10 m/s velocity) in a steel tube of 50 cm long having outside diameter of 60 mm and inside diameter of 30 mm with constant outside surface temperature of 1000, 1200 and 1400 Ko is numerically analyzed. The renormalization group k-ε model is used to simulate turbulence in ANSYS - FLUENT 14.5. An opened ring of rectangular cross section (5x7 mm) is fitted in the tube and separated by 8cm pitch. Results of temperature and velocity distribution along the tube center line for the case of tube with internal ribs  were compared with that of plain tube  , these results show that the use of internal ribs enhance the heat transfer rate and found to possess the highest performance factors for turbulent flow

Swallowed dental bridge causing ileal perforation: a case report

We report the case of a 53 year old gentleman who had accidentally swallowed his dental bridge. One week following this he experienced a sudden onset of generalised abdominal pain and underwent laparotomy. At operation he was found to have a distal ileal perforation and an ileocaecal resection was performed. Although most swallowed foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without problem, serious complications including intestinal perforation can occur

Efficient Design of a Large Storage Tank for Liquefied Natural Gas

يعتبر الغاز الطبيعي واحد من مصادر التي تنتج طاقة نظيفة قليلة الانبعاثات شديدة الكثافة وصديقة للبيئة. لنقل الغاز الطبيعي، من المهم جدا تحويل الغاز الطبيعي الى الحالة السائلة لتقليل خسائر عملية النقل، لذلك تصميم خزانات لحفظ الغازي الطبيعي المسائل يعتبر من العوامل التي تساعد على دعم تجارة الغاز الطبيعي. تتميز خزانات الغاز الطبيعي المسال بحجومها الكبيرة جدا التي تصل الى 2000000 متر مكعب. يعتبر تصميم خزانات الغاز الطبيعي تكنلوجيا جديدة للكثير من الدول. تتميز خزانات الخزن بسمك عزل عالي يصل الى متر في بعض الاحيان لان الغاز المسال يكون عادة بدرجات حرارة منخفظة تصل -165 درجة سيليزية. هذا التصميم يجمع بين عدة كودات تصميم لدراسة تفصيلية لعملية تصميم خزان غاز مسال يشمل مايلي الهيكل الداخلي والخارجي للتصميم، تصميم قاعدة الخزان، تصميم الجزء العلوي من الخزان. بالاضافة الى ذلك، التصميم يتناول محاكاة تفصيلية للحرارة المتسربة من كل جزء من الخزان ليتبين ان التصميم يعمل بكفاءة عالية والحرارة المتسربة ضمن الحدود المقبولة.Natural gas is known as a green source of energy due to high purity, high energy density and environment friendly. To transport natural gas, it is an important to convert it into liquid case to reduce the cost, therefore the design of storage tank can be important factor in the natural gas trade. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank as a kind of storage column is quite different with other storage columns. Firstly, the size of this type of LNG tank is highly large, which comes with capacity up to 200,000 m3. LNG storage tank can be considered as a new technique in this field for many countries. Secondly, the low temperature of LNG will increase the isolation part and lead to difficult process through the operation and installation time. This work combines different designs codes to study in details the LNG tank design in terms of inner and outer construction, bottom design with corner protection, and top design with corner protection. In addition, the heat leakages have been calculated for each part to show that the heat leakage is acceptable. &nbsp

Synthesis of ErBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting ceramic material via co precipitation and conventional solid state routes

High temperature superconductors (HTSC) of microcrystalline ceramic material ErBa2Cu3O7-δ (ErBCO) have been successfully synthesized via chemical co-precipitation (COP) using metal acetate precursors, and physical mixtures of oxides and carbonates, by conventional solid state route (SSR). The COP sample requires 27 hours for the heat treatment while the SSR sample needs 72 hours. We compare the superconducting properties of ErBCO produced from both methods. Resistivity versus temperature measurements (R-T) showed that all samples exhibit very good metallic behaviour. The transition temperature, TC(R=0) for the COP samples were was found to be at 91.4 K while it occurs at 90.9 K for the SSR sample sintered at 920°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed a single phase of an orthorhombic structure for all the samples. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed grains of sizes ≤ 40μm were randomly distributed in all the highly compacted samples. However, the sample prepared via COP exhibited smaller pores in comparison to those in the SSR sample. COP method simplifies the preparation, and gives good quality sample with shorter time of preparation as compared to the quality of sample prepared by conventional solid state route

The effect of sponsorships and product marketing on the management activities of football clubs: A contextual and dimensional study

Market and marketing is important in our lives, as each of us looks forward to getting our different needs from the available resources, which are usually different and multiple. Therefore, different economic interests, producers of goods, services and ideas, strive to reach consumers and persuade them to buy goods and services, which they produce only. Marketing is not limited to the process of selling and advertising goods; it involves providing the required goods in the right place, at the right time and at the right price. Marketing is therefore one of the core activities of modern businesses. It is also a strategic hub, because it is a confrontation between the institution and the environment in which it is located