Fishery-Based Ecotourism in Developing Countries Can Enhance the Social-Ecological Resilience of Coastal Fishers—A Case Study of Bangladesh

The importance of recreational fishing, in many coastal areas and less developed nations, is increasing rapidly. Connecting fisheries to tourism can create innovative tourism products and provide new income sources. The present study is the first to explore the concept of coastal fishery-based ecotourism (FbE) to enhance the social–ecological resilience of coastal fishing communities in a specific tourist spot in Bangladesh. A combination of primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary (literature databases) data sources were used in this study. It applied a social–ecological system (SES) and social–ecological resilience (SER) concept to collect quantitative and qualitative data (120 in-depth individual interviews, four focus group discussions, and strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats-SWOT analyses) and frame their interpretation. The study found that Bangladesh needs to adopt a firm policy to utilize tourism’s potential in national economic development and societal progress. The findings show the considerable potential of the concept that integrates business, education, and an environmental conservation perspective in Bangladesh, specifically for Saint Martin’s Island: 32% of interviewees expressed that increasing employment opportunities and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is the primary potential, whereas 31% said it would attract fishing tourists and 23% believed it would develop the local infrastructure and facilities for fishing and tourism. Similarly, most of the respondents (31%) thought that the lack of awareness and promotional activities is the main limitation preventing this initiative from being well accepted. Moreover, based on the findings, specific measures for strengthening the social–ecological resilience of the coastal fishers via FbE at the local level were suggested, including building communal links, developing community infrastructures, revising prevailing rules and regulations, offering alternative means of generating income for fishers during disaster periods, and more active sharing of responsibility between stakeholders and government for the management of FbE. Finally, with its focus on the prospects and challenges of coastal FbE development on Saint Martin’s Island, this article provides a useful reference point for future discourse on similar social and economic strategies. While this study focuses on Bangladesh’s coastal fishing villages, the results are possibly applicable more broadly in similar contexts and developing countries worldwide

Fishery-Based Ecotourism in Developing Countries Can Enhance the Social-Ecological Resilience of Coastal Fishers—A Case Study of Bangladesh

The importance of recreational fishing, in many coastal areas and less developed nations, is increasing rapidly. Connecting fisheries to tourism can create innovative tourism products and provide new income sources. The present study is the first to explore the concept of coastal fishery-based ecotourism (FbE) to enhance the social–ecological resilience of coastal fishing communities in a specific tourist spot in Bangladesh. A combination of primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary (literature databases) data sources were used in this study. It applied a social–ecological system (SES) and social–ecological resilience (SER) concept to collect quantitative and qualitative data (120 in-depth individual interviews, four focus group discussions, and strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats-SWOT analyses) and frame their interpretation. The study found that Bangladesh needs to adopt a firm policy to utilize tourism’s potential in national economic development and societal progress. The findings show the considerable potential of the concept that integrates business, education, and an environmental conservation perspective in Bangladesh, specifically for Saint Martin’s Island: 32% of interviewees expressed that increasing employment opportunities and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is the primary potential, whereas 31% said it would attract fishing tourists and 23% believed it would develop the local infrastructure and facilities for fishing and tourism. Similarly, most of the respondents (31%) thought that the lack of awareness and promotional activities is the main limitation preventing this initiative from being well accepted. Moreover, based on the findings, specific measures for strengthening the social–ecological resilience of the coastal fishers via FbE at the local level were suggested, including building communal links, developing community infrastructures, revising prevailing rules and regulations, offering alternative means of generating income for fishers during disaster periods, and more active sharing of responsibility between stakeholders and government for the management of FbE. Finally, with its focus on the prospects and challenges of coastal FbE development on Saint Martin’s Island, this article provides a useful reference point for future discourse on similar social and economic strategies. While this study focuses on Bangladesh’s coastal fishing villages, the results are possibly applicable more broadly in similar contexts and developing countries worldwide

Requirements for large-scale adoption of rapid manufacturing technologies

Despite the use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies in a lot of applications including the production of some high-value products for end use, it is still very much an untapped potential. There is an increase in usage of AM technology for the manufacture of end-use products (Rapid Manufacturing (RM)) in recent years, but mass use of the technology in terms of speed, cost and quality, which is acceptable by the general consumer, is still not widely in existence today. The concept of RM as a viable production process is still not understood by many businesses/consumers, with thinking still dominated by the AM technologies for Rapid Prototyping (RP) applications. A key difference between RM and RP is in the supply chain. The RM supply chain is much more complicated than the RP supply chain. This research conducted a Delphi Study to identify the requirements or prerequisites necessary for the use of RM technologies as a viable means to manufacture end used products (RM application of AM) in mass scale. The paper identifies 36 requirements or pre-requisites and classified them into various classes of importance in order to highlight their significance. In addition to supply chain issues, the requirements unearthed are factors or features about RM technology (equipment), materials and processes that need modification, upgrading or creation

Resource metabolism of the construction sector : an application of material and exergy flow analysis

Ésta tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar el consumo de recursos del sector de la construcción, los residuos y las emisiones generadas por el sector. Ésto está motivado por el hecho de que el sector de la construcción es responsable de una gran cantidad de consumo de recursos y representa casi el 9% el valor bruto añadido al producto interno bruto del mundo. La evaluación considera la perspectiva del ciclo de vida, desde la extracción de materias primas, a través de la construcción y fabricación de productos, materiales de transporte, la construcción, la generación de residuos de demolición, el transporte de residuos, el tratamiento y disposición final. El objetivo es identificar las oportunidades y mejorar los criterios de selección de materiales, el procesado, la reutilización y el reciclado para el uso sostenible de los recursos. Debido a la complejidad de los sistemas de edificios e infraestructuras, compuestas de muchos componentes que interactúan, siempre es difícil llevar a cabo una contabilidad de los recursos precisos dentro de éste sector. En esta perspectiva, el concepto de análisis de flujo de materiales y la evaluación del ciclo de vida (ACV), y el análisis de exergía se tratan como herramientas de contabilidad de recursos y se centra en sus aplicaciones en el sector de la construcción. Además del análisis sectorial, ésta tesis, también analiza la eficiencia de los procesos de fabricación y el ciclo de vida completo de los productos con base a exergía. Todos los procesos y los productos seleccionados son relevantes para el sector de la construcción, y éste análisis tiene como objetivo proporcionar conocimientos de despersonalización en el uso de materiales del sector. En el capítulo 1, se expone el marco teórico en que los análisis de flujo de exergía y los materiales se utilizan en la evaluación del metabolismo de los recursos del sector de la construcción, que destacan la importancia de éste sector en términos de flujos de recursos y la generación de residuos y emisiones. Éste capítulo, también introduce la eficiencia exérgica y herramientas de evaluación del ciclo de vida exergéticos, que explica las limitaciones del análisis de la energía y el ACV, y cómo la aplicación de éstos métodos a base de exergía puede ofrecer mejores perspectivas sobre la eficiencia del uso de los recursos en los procesos de fabricación en toda la vida de los productos, respectivamente. La Ecología Industrial, se presenta al introducir el enfoque basado en los sistemas y el marco termodinámico en el que el sector de la construcción se analiza en este estudio. El capítulo 2, presenta los resultados de los análisis de flujo de materiales y exergía del sector de la construcción catalana en el año 2001. En ese momento, Cataluña tenía un adicional de 52 millones de toneladas de existencias de materiales para el sector y generaba 7 millones de toneladas de residuos de construcción y demolición, de los cuales sólo el 6,5% son recicladas o regeneradas. El estudio muestra que la fase de fabricación consume la mayor parte de los recursos de energía durante el ciclo de vida del conjunto de los productos, seguidos de transporte de materiales, que representa el 57% y el 4% del consumo de exergía, respectivamente. Se señala que la mejora en la selección de materiales, tecnologías de fabricación y diseño para el desmontaje, conduce a la sostenibilidad del sector, para conseguir una mejora de la eficiencia del uso de recursos. En el capítulo 3, se menciona el rendimiento exergético de los procesos de producción, tanto en el proceso de producción primaria como secundaria (reciclaje), de los materiales de construcción que se calcula, con el fin de evaluar la calidad de los materiales, las pérdidas de exergía, y el potencial de mejora de procesos. Ésto sirve para cuantificar el potencial de mejora de los procesos de fabricación actuales que abordan las deficiencias de fabricación de los nueve principales materiales de construcción no renovables: aluminio, acero, cobre, cemento, hormigón, cerámica, vidrio, polipropileno y cloruro de polivinilo. La Eficiencia Exergía basada en la segunda ley de la termodinámica es determinada con el fin de comparar la eficiencia exergía teórica y la eficiencia exergía del proceso real. La gran diferencia entre los requisitos teóricos y empíricos de exergía en los procesos de fabricación sugiere que las oportunidades para una mejor utilización de exergía industrial todavía existen, pero requieren un diseño y mejoras en la tecnología. Los resultados demuestran que los recursos se utilizan de manera más eficiente en los procesos de reciclaje, en comparación con los procesos de fabricación primaria. En esta tesis se presenta una teoría (capítulo 4) para determinar como de eficientemente se utilizan los recursos en las aplicaciones de la construcción, utilizando la metodología de análisis del ciclo de vida exergético desde un enfoque universal. Esto incluye la extracción de materias primas, la fabricación de resina y de gestión de las etapas del ciclo de vida de los residuos al final de su vida. La irreversibilidad durante el ciclo de vida completo permite evaluar el grado de perfección termodinámica de los procesos de producción y llevar a cabo la evaluación de la cadena de producción entera. Ciclo de vida global de la eficiencia exérgica de polipropileno y cloruro de polivinilo se cuantifica en 27,1% y 9,3%, respectivamente, que se caracteriza por una baja eficiencia en la fabricación y los procesos de reciclaje para ambos materiales. Desde el punto de vista de la conservación de recursos, el reciclado mecánico se ha sugerido como la opción viable para la gestión de residuos de plástico al final de su vida, ya que los materiales de bucles vuelven a su ciclo de vida original y reduce las aportaciones de recursos primarios en la producción.This thesis aims to assess the resource consumption of the construction sector, and the wastes and emissions generated by the sector. This is motivated by the fact that the construction sector is responsible for large amounts of resource consumption and represents nearly 9% gross value added to the world's gross domestic product. The assessment considers the life cycle perspective from raw material extraction, through construction product manufacturing, material transport, construction and demolition waste generation, to waste transport, treatment, and final disposal. The aim is to pinpoint the opportunities for improved material selection criteria, processing, reuse, and recycling for sustainable resource use. Due to the system complexity of buildings and infrastructure, composed of many interacting components, it is always challenging to undertake an accurate resource accounting within this sector. In this perspective, the concepts of material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and exergy analysis (ExA) are discussed as resource accounting tools focusing on their applications in the construction sector. Apart from sectoral analysis, this thesis also analyzes the efficiency of manufacturing processes and products' complete life cycle based on exergy. All the processes and products selected are relevant for the construction sector, and this analysis aims to provide deper insights into sectoral material use. Chapter 1 details the theoretical framework under which exergy and material flow analyses are used in assessing the resource metabolism of the construction sector highlighting the importance of this sector in terms of resource flows, and generation of waste and emissions. This chapter also introduces the exergy efficiency and exergetic life cycle assessment (ELCA) tools, explaining the limitations of energy analysis and LCA, and how the application of these exergy-based methods can provide better insights into resource use efficiency in manufacturing processes and throughout the products' life, respectively. Industrial ecology (IE) is presented to introduce the systems-based approach and thermodynamic framework on which of the construction sector is analyzed in this study. Chapter 2 presents the results of material and exergy flow analyses of the Catalan construction sector for the year 2001. In 2001, Catalonia had an additional 52 million tonnes of material stock to the sector and generated 7 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) of which only 6.5% were recycled or reclaimed. The study shows that manufacturing stage consumes the largest fraction of energy resources during the products' whole lifecycle followed by material transport, accounting for 57% and 4% of exergy use, respectively. It is pointed out that improvement in material selection, manufacturing technologies, and design for disassembly lead to sustainability of the sector delivering improved resource use efficiency. In chapter 3, the exergetic efficiency of the production processes, both primary and secondary (recycling) production process, of construction materials is calculated in order to assess material quality, exergy losses, and process improvement potentials. This serves to quantify the improvement potentials for present manufacturing processes addressing the manufacturing inefficiencies of nine major non-renewable construction materials: aluminum, steel, copper, cement, concrete, ceramic, glass, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Exergy efficiency based on the second law of thermodynamics is determined in order to compare the theoretical exergy efficiency and the real-process exergy efficiency. The large difference between theoretical and empirical exergy requirements in manufacturing processes suggests that opportunities for better industrial exergy utilization still exist but require design and/or technology improvements. The results demonstrate that resources are utilized more efficiently in recycling processes compared to primary manufacturing processes. This thesis has presented an effort (chapter 4) to pinpoint how efficiently resources are used in the construction applications, using exergetic life cycle assessment methodology in a cradle-to-grave life cycle approach. This included raw material extraction, resin manufacturing, and end-of-life waste management life-cycle stages. The irreversibility during the complete life cycle allows to evaluate the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the production processes and to conduct the assessment of the whole process chain. Overall life cycle exergy efficiency of PP and PVC is quantified 27.1% and 9.3%, respectively, characterized by a low efficiency of manufacturing and recycling processes for both materials. From resource conservation point of view, mechanical recycling has been suggested as the viable option for end-of-life plastic waste management, since it loops materials back directly into new life cycle and reduces primary resource inputs in the production

Low-Carbon Energy Technologies: Potentials of Solar and Nuclear Energy Sources for Sustainable Economic Development in Bangladesh

Electricity shortage has become a major challenge to continued economic growth in Bangladesh. The country is growing in terms of GDP growth at a rate of 7% a year. Bangladesh is expected to move towards 23rd position globally by 2050 from its position 31 in 2014, in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP). The demand for electricity is forecasted to be 61,164 MW within the same period. Currently, electricity generation in Bangladesh is highly dependent on fossil fuels, nearly 59% is produced from natural gas followed by furnace oil, diesel and coal, while only 3% from renewables. Electricity generation is the largest single source of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in Bangladesh, and thus finding alternative energy source has become imperative for the country. Solar and nuclear energy sources have the potentials to be utilized for low-carbon energy sector and thus for a sustainable economic development in Bangladesh. Barriers to solar and nuclear energy will be reduced significantly in coming years with technological advancement. However, energy policies need to be revised to facilitate low-carbon energy technologies. Besides, more international collaboration is highly required not only to import new technologies but also to enhance the capacity of research and development (R&D) as well as overall adoption of the technologies

Resource metabolism of the construction sector An application of material and exergy flow analysis

Ésta tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar el consumo de recursos del sector de la construcción, los residuos y las emisiones generadas por el sector. Ésto está motivado por el hecho de que el sector de la construcción es responsable de una gran cantidad de consumo de recursos y representa casi el 9% el valor bruto añadido al producto interno bruto del mundo. La evaluación considera la perspectiva del ciclo de vida, desde la extracción de materias primas, a través de la construcción y fabricación de productos, materiales de transporte, la construcción, la generación de residuos de demolición, el transporte de residuos, el tratamiento y disposición final. El objetivo es identificar las oportunidades y mejorar los criterios de selección de materiales, el procesado, la reutilización y el reciclado para el uso sostenible de los recursos. Debido a la complejidad de los sistemas de edificios e infraestructuras, compuestas de muchos componentes que interactúan, siempre es difícil llevar a cabo una contabilidad de los recursos precisos dentro de éste sector. En esta perspectiva, el concepto de análisis de flujo de materiales y la evaluación del ciclo de vida (ACV), y el análisis de exergía se tratan como herramientas de contabilidad de recursos y se centra en sus aplicaciones en el sector de la construcción. Además del análisis sectorial, ésta tesis, también analiza la eficiencia de los procesos de fabricación y el ciclo de vida completo de los productos con base a exergía. Todos los procesos y los productos seleccionados son relevantes para el sector de la construcción, y éste análisis tiene como objetivo proporcionar conocimientos de despersonalización en el uso de materiales del sector. En el capítulo 1, se expone el marco teórico en que los análisis de flujo de exergía y los materiales se utilizan en la evaluación del metabolismo de los recursos del sector de la construcción, que destacan la importancia de éste sector en términos de flujos de recursos y la generación de residuos y emisiones. Éste capítulo, también introduce la eficiencia exérgica y herramientas de evaluación del ciclo de vida exergéticos, que explica las limitaciones del análisis de la energía y el ACV, y cómo la aplicación de éstos métodos a base de exergía puede ofrecer mejores perspectivas sobre la eficiencia del uso de los recursos en los procesos de fabricación en toda la vida de los productos, respectivamente. La Ecología Industrial, se presenta al introducir el enfoque basado en los sistemas y el marco termodinámico en el que el sector de la construcción se analiza en este estudio. El capítulo 2, presenta los resultados de los análisis de flujo de materiales y exergía del sector de la construcción catalana en el año 2001. En ese momento, Cataluña tenía un adicional de 52 millones de toneladas de existencias de materiales para el sector y generaba 7 millones de toneladas de residuos de construcción y demolición, de los cuales sólo el 6,5% son recicladas o regeneradas. El estudio muestra que la fase de fabricación consume la mayor parte de los recursos de energía durante el ciclo de vida del conjunto de los productos, seguidos de transporte de materiales, que representa el 57% y el 4% del consumo de exergía, respectivamente. Se señala que la mejora en la selección de materiales, tecnologías de fabricación y diseño para el desmontaje, conduce a la sostenibilidad del sector, para conseguir una mejora de la eficiencia del uso de recursos. En el capítulo 3, se menciona el rendimiento exergético de los procesos de producción, tanto en el proceso de producción primaria como secundaria (reciclaje), de los materiales de construcción que se calcula, con el fin de evaluar la calidad de los materiales, las pérdidas de exergía, y el potencial de mejora de procesos. Ésto sirve para cuantificar el potencial de mejora de los procesos de fabricación actuales que abordan las deficiencias de fabricación de los nueve principales materiales de construcción no renovables: aluminio, acero, cobre, cemento, hormigón, cerámica, vidrio, polipropileno y cloruro de polivinilo. La Eficiencia Exergía basada en la segunda ley de la termodinámica es determinada con el fin de comparar la eficiencia exergía teórica y la eficiencia exergía del proceso real. La gran diferencia entre los requisitos teóricos y empíricos de exergía en los procesos de fabricación sugiere que las oportunidades para una mejor utilización de exergía industrial todavía existen, pero requieren un diseño y mejoras en la tecnología. Los resultados demuestran que los recursos se utilizan de manera más eficiente en los procesos de reciclaje, en comparación con los procesos de fabricación primaria. En esta tesis se presenta una teoría (capítulo 4) para determinar como de eficientemente se utilizan los recursos en las aplicaciones de la construcción, utilizando la metodología de análisis del ciclo de vida exergético desde un enfoque universal. Esto incluye la extracción de materias primas, la fabricación de resina y de gestión de las etapas del ciclo de vida de los residuos al final de su vida. La irreversibilidad durante el ciclo de vida completo permite evaluar el grado de perfección termodinámica de los procesos de producción y llevar a cabo la evaluación de la cadena de producción entera. Ciclo de vida global de la eficiencia exérgica de polipropileno y cloruro de polivinilo se cuantifica en 27,1% y 9,3%, respectivamente, que se caracteriza por una baja eficiencia en la fabricación y los procesos de reciclaje para ambos materiales. Desde el punto de vista de la conservación de recursos, el reciclado mecánico se ha sugerido como la opción viable para la gestión de residuos de plástico al final de su vida, ya que los materiales de bucles vuelven a su ciclo de vida original y reduce las aportaciones de recursos primarios en la producción.This thesis aims to assess the resource consumption of the construction sector, and the wastes and emissions generated by the sector. This is motivated by the fact that the construction sector is responsible for large amounts of resource consumption and represents nearly 9% gross value added to the world’s gross domestic product. The assessment considers the life cycle perspective from raw material extraction, through construction product manufacturing, material transport, construction and demolition waste generation, to waste transport, treatment, and final disposal. The aim is to pinpoint the opportunities for improved material selection criteria, processing, reuse, and recycling for sustainable resource use. Due to the system complexity of buildings and infrastructure, composed of many interacting components, it is always challenging to undertake an accurate resource accounting within this sector. In this perspective, the concepts of material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and exergy analysis (ExA) are discussed as resource accounting tools focusing on their applications in the construction sector. Apart from sectoral analysis, this thesis also analyzes the efficiency of manufacturing processes and products’ complete life cycle based on exergy. All the processes and products selected are relevant for the construction sector, and this analysis aims to provide deper insights into sectoral material use. Chapter 1 details the theoretical framework under which exergy and material flow analyses are used in assessing the resource metabolism of the construction sector highlighting the importance of this sector in terms of resource flows, and generation of waste and emissions. This chapter also introduces the exergy efficiency and exergetic life cycle assessment (ELCA) tools, explaining the limitations of energy analysis and LCA, and how the application of these exergy-based methods can provide better insights into resource use efficiency in manufacturing processes and throughout the products’ life, respectively. Industrial ecology (IE) is presented to introduce the systems-based approach and thermodynamic framework on which of the construction sector is analyzed in this study. Chapter 2 presents the results of material and exergy flow analyses of the Catalan construction sector for the year 2001. In 2001, Catalonia had an additional 52 million tonnes of material stock to the sector and generated 7 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) of which only 6.5% were recycled or reclaimed. The study shows that manufacturing stage consumes the largest fraction of energy resources during the products’ whole lifecycle followed by material transport, accounting for 57% and 4% of exergy use, respectively. It is pointed out that improvement in material selection, manufacturing technologies, and design for disassembly lead to sustainability of the sector delivering improved resource use efficiency. In chapter 3, the exergetic efficiency of the production processes, both primary and secondary (recycling) production process, of construction materials is calculated in order to assess material quality, exergy losses, and process improvement potentials. This serves to quantify the improvement potentials for present manufacturing processes addressing the manufacturing inefficiencies of nine major non-renewable construction materials: aluminum, steel, copper, cement, concrete, ceramic, glass, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Exergy efficiency based on the second law of thermodynamics is determined in order to compare the theoretical exergy efficiency and the real-process exergy efficiency. The large difference between theoretical and empirical exergy requirements in manufacturing processes suggests that opportunities for better industrial exergy utilization still exist but require design and/or technology improvements. The results demonstrate that resources are utilized more efficiently in recycling processes compared to primary manufacturing processes. This thesis has presented an effort (chapter 4) to pinpoint how efficiently resources are used in the construction applications, using exergetic life cycle assessment methodology in a cradle-to-grave life cycle approach. This included raw material extraction, resin manufacturing, and end-of-life waste management life-cycle stages. The irreversibility during the complete life cycle allows to evaluate the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the production processes and to conduct the assessment of the whole process chain. Overall life cycle exergy efficiency of PP and PVC is quantified 27.1% and 9.3%, respectively, characterized by a low efficiency of manufacturing and recycling processes for both materials. From resource conservation point of view, mechanical recycling has been suggested as the viable option for end-of-life plastic waste management, since it loops materials back directly into new life cycle and reduces primary resource inputs in the production

Computerization of banking operation in Bangladesh

This paper is about the computerization of the banking operation of two of the largest banks in Bangladesh. The discussion deals with the issues faced in rolling out Core Banking System (CBS) in Sonali Bank and Rupali Bank. The system we studied focuses on centralizing computing operations by consolidating IT infrastructure; this system is meant to replace the existing distributed computing components. In this paper, we will highlight both the technical and human issues we have faced. The paper highlights the context of the work, the scale of the problem, issues and challenges faced during the roll-out. The intricacies of implementing a large-scale system such as CBS are educational, but nevertheless daunting. The findings of the paper articulated that obstacles could be overcome through human ingenuity and discipline. The paper stresses that structural approach of software development is necessary for long-term success of a project and properly trained software professionals is integral to the development of a complex software project

Requirements for large-scale adoption of rapid manufacturing technologies

Despite the use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies in a lot of applications including the production of some high-value products for end use, it is still very much an untapped potential. There is an increase in usage of AM technology for the manufacture of end-use products (Rapid Manufacturing (RM)) in recent years, but mass use of the technology in terms of speed, cost and quality, which is acceptable by the general consumer, is still not widely in existence today. The concept of RM as a viable production process is still not understood by many businesses/consumers, with thinking still dominated by the AM technologies for Rapid Prototyping (RP) applications. A key difference between RM and RP is in the supply chain. The RM supply chain is much more complicated than the RP supply chain. This research conducted a Delphi Study to identify the requirements or pre-requisites necessary for the use of RM technologies as a viable means to manufacture end used products (RM application of AM) in mass scale. The paper identifies 36 requirements or pre-requisites and classified them into various classes of importance in order to highlight their significance. In addition to supply chain issues, the requirements unearthed are factors or features about RM technology (equipment), materials and processes that need modification, upgrading or creation