Proposal: positive discipline as a strategy to promote adequate parenting and emotional management guidelines in children during their preschool stage

El presente trabajo de grado tuvo como propósito el fortalecimiento de las pautas de crianza y el manejo de las emociones a través de la disciplina positiva para dar cumplimiento a este objetivo se planteó una propuesta pedagógica, basándose en un enfoque cualitativo tipo de investigación acción, en la cual se aplicaron diversos instrumentos, iniciando con una prueba diagnóstica proporcionada por el Instituto de Bienestar Familiar sobre los comportamientos pro sociales y en riesgo; una entrevista a las docentes; una caracterización general de los niños; diarios de campo como instrumento trasversal en todo el proceso; grupos focales para reconocer los intereses y sentimientos frente a los diferentes ambientes donde se desenvuelven. Para el análisis de los instrumentos se realizó una comparación de los resultados entre las instituciones, teniendo en cuenta que se desarrollan en diferentes contextos (público y lo privado); de esta manera se llega a la conclusión que estas situaciones generan situaciones de baja autoestima, inseguridad, agresividad, desmotivación, bajo rendimiento académico entre otras. En las otras dos poblaciones que hacen parte del estudio comparativo correspondientes a dos instituciones privadas, aunque el índice de familias disfuncionales es bajo, se logró evidenciar situaciones de maltrato por negligencia y psicológico por parte de los padres, en los niños además de lo mencionado anteriormente se encontraron algunos niños con desórdenes alimenticios, niños manipuladores debido al abandono de sus padres quienes suplen el cariño y compañía con objetos materiales.The purpose of this degree work was to strengthen the parenting guidelines and the management of emotions through positive discipline to fulfill this objective, a pedagogical proposal was raised, based on a qualitative approach type of action research, in which various instruments were applied, starting with a diagnostic test provided by the Family Welfare Institute on pro-social and at-risk behaviors; an interview with the teachers; a general characterization of children; field diaries as a transversal instrument throughout the process; focus groups to recognize the interests and feelings in the different environments where they operate. For the analysis of the instruments, a comparison of the results between the institutions was made, taking into account that they are developed in different contexts (public and private); In this way, it is concluded that these situations generate situations of low self-esteem, insecurity, aggressiveness, demotivation, low academic performance, among others. In the other two populations that are part of the comparative study corresponding to two private institutions, although the index of dysfunctional families is low, it was possible to show situations of neglect and psychological abuse by parents, in children in addition to the aforementioned Some children were found with eating disorders, manipulative children due to the abandonment of their parents who supplied the affection and company with material objects

La Actividad Física – Recreativa y su Relación con la Mejora de la Productividad Laboral en la Red de Salud Conchucos Norte 2017.

La presente investigación titulada La actividad física-recreativa y su relación con la mejora de la productividad laboral en la Red de Salud Conchucos Norte 2017. Cuya hipótesis planteada fue Existe relación entre la actividad física-recreativa con la mejora de la productividad laboral en la Red de Salud Conchucos Norte 2017. La investigación se basó en el método de investigación no experimental, Cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta con un total de 50 trabajadores de la red de salud conchucos norte. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta, teniendo como instrumento utilizado para recoger los datos el cuestionario de actividad física de la OMS con 20 ítems, y la escala de productividad laboral de 20 ítems

Effect of anion concentrations on Hg2+ reduction from simulated desulphurization aqueous solutions

[EN] The influence of different anions on the stability of mercury in absorbing solutions containing sulphite ions was investigated. The re-emission of gaseous mercury in the presence of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, carbonate and sulphate ions from the scrubbing solution was determined. Fluoride, chloride and bromide ions contribute to mercury stabilization, bromide being the most efficient anion for retaining mercury in sulphite aqueous solutions. High carbonate concentrations prevent the reduction of mercury by sulphite ions due to the stabilization of the complexes formed between oxidised mercury, hydroxide and sulphite ions or through the formation of mercury carbonate species. However, nitrate and sulphate ions do not influence the equilibrium between mercury and sulphite ions and, as a consequence, the re-emission of mercury is not modified. The results of this study suggest that the pH is one of the most important parameters for achieving an efficient control of mercury pollution in desulphurization systems. The re-emission of mercury was observed to increase when the pH value of the slurries was higher than six due to the stabilization of the mercury in the form of View the MathML sourceHg(SO3)22-, Hg(OH)+, Hg(OH)2, View the MathML sourceHgHCO3+, HgCO3 or View the MathML sourceHg(CO3)22-. Since the pH depends on the concentration of SO2 in the flue gas and the type of limestone, the alkalinity that comes from the sorbent used in the scrubber may play an important role in mercury capture in such systems.This work was financed by the projects PI-200780I008 (PI Programme-CSIC) and CTM2011-22921. R.O.G. thanks FICYT (Regional research programme) for funding her PhD work through a fellowship.Peer reviewe

Editorial: NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy

En este tema de investigación, hemos recopilado varios artículos que ponen de relieve el gran potencial que las células NK exhiben como una herramienta eficaz en la inmunoterapia de cáncer.In this research topic, we have collected several articles that highlight the exciting potential that NK cells exhibit as an effective tool in cancer immunotherapy.• BIOEF-EiTB Maratoia Pediatric Cancer. Beca BIO13/CI/011, para Francisco Borrego Rabasco • BIOEF-EiTB Maratoia Transplantation. Beca BIO14/TP/001, para Susana Larrucea Bilbao • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Beca SAF2013-46161-R, para Raquel Tarazona Rabasco • Ministerio de Salud. Beca PI13/02691, para Rafael Solana LarapeerReviewe

Epidemiological study of canine mammary tumors: age, breed, size and malignancy

A retrospective study was carried out on 858 female canine patients who were attended at the Surgery Service of the Clinical Veterinary Hospital of the University of Extremadura (Spain), during a period of 5 years (2008-2012). This study aims to determine the incidence of mammary tumors in the canine species of this region together with the analysis of several epidemiological variables (breed, age, and size) and the histopathological variable tumor malignancy. Three groups of patients were considered: (I) general group including all patients (n=858), (II) oncological patients (n=376), and (III) patients with mammary tumors (n=227). Oncology represented the most common pathology for female dogs (n=376, 43.82%), with mammary tumors being the most frequent neoplasms (n=227, 60.37%). Mixed breed dogs were more likely than purebred dogs to suffer from mammary tumors, with these tumors being more frequently malignant. It was also found that large-sized patients show a greater predisposition to malignant mammary tumors. In patients with tumors, age at diagnosis was significantly associated with a higher malignancy rate. The results of the study confirm the importance of oncology in the veterinary clinic in the region. Mammary tumors represent the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in female dogs. Old age, mixed breed and large size predispose to its development and represent risk factors for malignancy

Distribution of Trace Elements from a Coal Burned in Two Different Spanish Power Stations

The behavior of trace elements during coal combustion varies, depending on their mode of occurrence in a given coal and the variations in the operational conditions in the power plants. However, the extent to which these variables may influence the behavior of trace elements is not yet clear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the operational conditions on the behavior of trace elements in two coal-fired power plants when the same coal supply is used. Fractions of the fly ash sampled from the hoppers of the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) were studied and the relative enrichment (RE) factors of the elements were compared. Moreover, a series of leaching tests were carried out, with the objective of determining the level of risk when the wastes are finally disposed of. The behavior of the trace elements was found to be broadly similar. However, some differences were observed when evaluating their distribution among the different fly ash fractions from the ESPs. These differences are related to (i) the operational variables of the power plants and (ii) the performance of the mills. All of the coal combustion byproducts evaluated in this work may be considered as inert waste when they are disposed of.The authors gratefully acknowledge to FICYT (Regional research programme) for the award of a predoctoral fellowship to Ms Raquel Ochoa-González.Peer reviewe

CMV latent infection improves CD8+T response to SEB due to expansion of polyfunctional CD57+cells in young individuals

La infección latente por citomegalovirus (CMV) tiene un efecto perjudicial sobre la eficacia de la vacunación contra la influenza en los ancianos, lo que sugiere que el CMV restringe la diversidad inmunológica que afecta la funcionalidad del sistema inmune en la vejez. Las células T polifuncionales producen citoquinas múltiples y cantidades más altas que las células T monofuncionales. El alto número de células T polifuncionales se correlaciona con un mejor pronóstico durante la infección. Por lo tanto, la eficacia de la respuesta de células T se asocia con la calidad (polifuncionalidad) en lugar de con la cantidad (porcentaje de células T). Analizamos el efecto de la infección por CMV en la polifuncionalidad de las células T CD8 +: la desgranulación (CD107a), la producción de IFN-gamma y TNF-alfa ---, de seropositivos jóvenes CMV y seronegativos CMV y en donantes seropositivos CMV de edad media , En respuesta a los productores de enterotoxina B estafilocócica, principalmente TNF-alfa o TNF-alfa / IFN-gamma, mientras que el porcentaje de células polifuncionales (IFN-gamma / TNFalfa / CD107a) es similar a los porcentajes encontrados en los jóvenes seropositivos al CMV. Por lo tanto, mientras que se ha demostrado que la infección latente por CMV puede ser perjudicial para la respuesta inmune en los ancianos, nuestros resultados indican que la seropositividad a CMV se asocia a niveles más altos de células T CD8 + polifuncionales en donantes jóvenes y de mediana edad. Este aumento de la polifuncionalidad, que puede proporcionar una ventaja inmunológica en la respuesta a otros patógenos, se debe a una expansión de células T CD8 + CD57 + en individuos seropositivos para CMV y es independiente de la edad. Por el contrario, la edad podría contribuir a la inflamación que se encuentra en los individuos de edad mediante el aumento del porcentaje de células que producen citocinas pro-inflamatorias. Estos hallazgos destacan la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre los beneficios / efectos perjudiciales de la infección por CMV en la respuesta a la vacunación y otras infecciones.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection has a deleterious effect on the efficacy of influenza vaccination in the elderly, suggesting that CMV restricts immunological diversity impairing the immune system functionality in old age. Polyfunctional T cells produce multiple cytokines and higher amounts than mono-functional T cells. High number of polyfunctional T cells correlates with better prognosis during infection. Thus, the efficiency of T cell response associates with quality (polyfunctionality) rather than with quantity (percentage of T cells). We analyze the effect of CMV infection on CD8+ T cells polyfunctionality ---degranulation (CD107a), IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production---, from young CMV-seropositive and CMV-seronegative individuals and in middle age CMV-seropositive donors, in response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B mainly TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma producers, whereas the percentage of polyfunctional cells (IFN-gamma/TNFalpha/ CD107a) is similar to the percentages found in young CMV-seropositive. Therefore, whereas it has been shown that CMV latent infection can be detrimental for immune response in old individuals, our results indicate that CMV-seropositivity is associated to higher levels of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in young and middle age donors. This increase in polyfunctionality, which can provide an immunological advantage in the response to other pathogens, is due to a CD8+CD57+ T cell expansion in CMV-seropositive individuals and it is independent of age. Conversely, age could contribute to the inflammation found in old individuals by increasing the percentage of cells producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings highlight the necessity of further studies on the benefits/detrimental effects of CMV infection in the response to vaccination and other infections.Trabajo financiado por: • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Instituto Carlos III: FIS Ref PS09/00723 • Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia: SAF2009-09711 • Junta de Extremadura: GRU10104 • Universidad de Extremadura. Ayuda a INPATT, grupo de investigación “Inmunopatología tumoral”, cofinanciado por la European Regional Development Fund (Fondos FEDER)peerReviewe

DNAM-1 and the TIGIT/PVRIG/TACTILE Axis: Novel Immune Checkpoints for Natural Killer Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response characterized by their role in the destruction of tumor cells. Activation of NK cells depend on a fine balance between activating and inhibitory signals mediated by different receptors. In recent years, a family of paired receptors that interact with ligands of the Nectin/Nectin-like (Necl) family has attracted great interest. Two of these ligands, Necl-5 (usually termed CD155 or PVR) and Nectin-2 (CD112), frequently expressed on different types of tumor cells, are recognized by a group of receptors expressed on T and NK cells that exert opposite functions after interacting with their ligands. These receptors include DNAM-1 (CD226), TIGIT, TACTILE (CD96) and the recently described PVRIG. Whereas activation through DNAM-1 after recognition of CD155 or CD112 enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a wide range of tumor cells, TIGIT recognition of these ligands exerts an inhibitory effect on NK cells by diminishing IFN-γ production, as well as NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. PVRIG has also been identified as an inhibitory receptor that recognizes CD112 but not CD155. However, little is known about the role of TACTILE as modulator of immune responses in humans. TACTILE control of tumor growth and metastases has been reported in murine models, and it has been suggested that it negatively regulates the anti-tumor functions mediated by DNAM-1. In NK cells from patients with solid cancer and leukemia, it has been observed a decreased expression of DNAM-1 that may shift the balance in favor to the inhibitory receptors TIGIT or PVRIG, further contributing to the diminished NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity observed in these patients. Analysis of DNAM-1, TIGIT, TACTILE and PVRIG on human NK cells from solid cancer or leukemia patients will clarify the role of these receptors in cancer surveillance. Overall, it can be speculated that in cancer patients the TIGIT/PVRIG pathways are upregulated and represent novel targets for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

Effect of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Ageing on T-Bet and Eomes Expression on T-Cell Subsets

The differential impact of ageing and cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection on human T-cell subsets remains to some extent controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyse the expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Eomes and CD57 on CD4+, CD4hiCD8lo and CD8+ T-cell subsets in healthy individuals, stratified by age and CMV serostatus. The percentage of CD4+ T-cells expressing T-bet or Eomes was very low, in particular in CD4+ T-cells from young CMV-seronegative individuals, and were higher in CMV-seropositive older individuals, in both CD57− and CD57+ CD4+ T-cells. The study of the minor peripheral blood double-positive CD4hiCD8lo T-cells showed that the percentage of these T-cells expressing both Eomes and T-bet was higher compared to CD4+ T-cells. The percentage of CD4hiCD8lo T-cells expressing T-bet was also associated with CMV seropositivity and the coexpression of Eomes, T-bet and CD57 on CD4hiCD8lo T-cells was only observed in CMV-seropositive donors, supporting the hypothesis that these cells are mature effector memory cells. The percentage of T-cells expressing Eomes and T-bet was higher in CD8+ T-cells than in CD4+ T-cells. The percentages of CD8+ T-cells expressing Eomes and T-bet increased with age in CMV-seronegative and -seropositive individuals and the percentages of CD57− CD8+ and CD57+ CD8+ T-cells coexpressing both transcription factors were similar in the different groups studied. These results support that CMV chronic infection and/or ageing are associated to the expansion of highly differentiated CD4+, CD4hiCD8lo and CD8+ T-cells that differentially express T-bet and Eomes suggesting that the expression of these transcription factors is essential for the generation and development of an effector-memory and effector T lymphocytes involved in conferring protection against chronic CMV infection

Effect of ageing on CMV-specific CD8 T cells from CMV seropositive healthy donors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ageing is associated with changes in the immune system with substantial alterations in T-lymphocyte subsets. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the factors that affect functionality of T cells and the differentiation and large expansions of CMV pp65-specific T cells have been associated with impaired responses to other immune challenges. Moreover, the presence of clonal expansions of CMV-specific T cells may shrink the available repertoire for other antigens and contribute to the increased incidence of infectious diseases in the elderly. In this study, we analyse the effect of ageing on the phenotype and frequency of CMV pp65-specific CD8 T cell subsets according to the expression of CCR7, CD45RA, CD27, CD28, CD244 and CD85j.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Peripheral blood from HLA-A2 healthy young, middle-aged and elderly donors was analysed by multiparametric flow cytometry using the HLA-A*0201/CMV pp65_495–504(NLVPMVATV) pentamer and mAbs specific for the molecules analysed. The frequency of CMV pp65-specific CD8 T cells was increased in the elderly compared with young and middle-aged donors. The proportion of naïve cells was reduced in the elderly, whereas an age-associated increase of the CCR7^nulleffector-memory subset, in particular those with a CD45RA^dimphenotype, was observed, both in the pentamer-positive and pentamer-negative CD8 T cells. The results also showed that most CMV pp65-specific CD8 T cells in elderly individuals were CD27/CD28 negative and expressed CD85j and CD244.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The finding that the phenotype of CMV pp65-specific CD8 T cells in elderly individuals is similar to the predominant phenotype of CD8 T cells as a whole, suggests that CMV persistent infections contributes to the age-related changes observed in the CD8 T cell compartment, and that chronic stimulation by other persistent antigens also play a role in T cell immunosenescence. Differences in subset distribution in elderly individuals showing a decrease in naive and an increase in effector-memory CD8 T cells may be relevant in the age-associated defective immune response.</p