Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube

Non-profits, as well as the media, have hypothesized the existence of a radicalization pipeline on YouTube, claiming that users systematically progress towards more extreme content on the platform. Yet, there is to date no substantial quantitative evidence of this alleged pipeline. To close this gap, we conduct a large-scale audit of user radicalization on YouTube. We analyze 330,925 videos posted on 349 channels, which we broadly classified into four types: Media, the Alt-lite, the Intellectual Dark Web (I.D.W.), and the Alt-right. According to the aforementioned radicalization hypothesis, channels in the I.D.W. and the Alt-lite serve as gateways to fringe far-right ideology, here represented by Alt-right channels. Processing 72M+ comments, we show that the three channel types indeed increasingly share the same user base; that users consistently migrate from milder to more extreme content; and that a large percentage of users who consume Alt-right content now consumed Alt-lite and I.D.W. content in the past. We also probe YouTube's recommendation algorithm, looking at more than 2M video and channel recommendations between May/July 2019. We find that Alt-lite content is easily reachable from I.D.W. channels, while Alt-right videos are reachable only through channel recommendations. Overall, we paint a comprehensive picture of user radicalization on YouTube.Comment: 10 pages plus appendice

Data from: The effects of tradition on problem solving by two wild populations of bearded capuchin monkeys in a probing task

The effects of culture on individual cognition have become a core issue among cultural primatologists. Field studies with wild populations provide evidence on the role of social cues in the ontogeny of tool use in non-human primates, and on the transmission of such behaviours over generations through socially biased learning. Recent experimental studies have shown that cultural knowledge may influence problem solving in wild populations of chimpanzees. Here, we present the results from a field experiment comparing the performance of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) from two wild savannah populations with distinct toolkits in a probing task. Only the population that already exhibited the customary use of probing tools succeeded in solving the new problem, suggesting that their cultural repertoire shaped their approach to the new task. Moreover, only this population, which uses stone tools in a broader range of contexts, tried to use them to solve the problem. Social interactions can affect the formation of learning sets and they affect the performance of the monkeys in problem solving. We suggest that behavioural traditions affect the ways non-human primates solve novel foraging problems using tools

DATASET_CARDOSO&OTTONI

Behavioral data for ms published in Biology Letters "The effects of tradition on problem solving by two wild populations of bearded capuchin monkeys in a probing task."This is a xlsx file with the following variables (see ms for details): Individual identity (ID); Population, Sex, Age group, Number of visits to the boxes (NUMVISIT), Time Visit, Mean time spent per visit (MEAN_TIME VISIT), Insertion of fingers (FINGERS), Frequency of Probing Events (PROBE EVENT), Frequency of successful probing (SUCCESSFUL), Number of probe tools

Protótipo de uma câmara de aquecimento controlada por Arduino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um protótipo de baixo custo de uma câmara térmica com controle de aquecimento usando uma plataforma Arduino, capaz de realizar diversos testes de aquecimento e resfriamento de maneira linear, com diferentes condições e de fácil manuseio. O trabalho se deu em três fases: elaboração do projeto, montagem do protótipo e calibração. Foram realizados diversos experimentos em condições distintas para ser mapeado o funcionamento da câmara, buscando relacionar taxas de aquecimento com o período de acionamento do elemento aquecedor. Desse modo, foi gerada uma curva de tendência com os resultados obtidos, fornecendo então uma equação geral, a partir da qual o sistema é capaz de calcular os valores das principais variáveis do sistema e alimentar o código de controle de forma correta. Assim, definindo-se as variáveis desejadas para o experimento, como: taxa de aquecimento, número de ciclos, temperatura máxima, dentre outras, o programa é capaz de realizar tanto testes de aquecimento, quanto isotérmicos, além de realizar ciclos automaticamente, caso desejado. Os resultados obtidos para o aquecimento foram extremamente satisfatórios. Conseguiu-se obter um aquecimento de forma aproximadamente linear para toda a faixa de taxas de aquecimento experimentadas, com R² médio das curvas de tendência superior a 0,99 em todos os experimentos. Quanto ao resfriamento, a linearidade não foi possível de ser obtida com os recursos utilizados neste protótipo, devido à baixa eficiência dos elementos refrigerantes.The main goal of this project was to develop a low-cost prototype of a thermal chamber with heating control using an Arduino platform, capable of performing several heating and cooling tests in a linear manner, with different conditions and easy handling. The project occurred in three phases: project elaboration, prototype assembly, and calibration. Several experiments were carried out under different conditions in order to map the functioning of the chamber, looking for a relationship between the heating rates and the activation period of the heating element. Thereby, a trend line was generated with the obtained points, yielding a general equation. With this equation, the Arduino is capable of calculating the values for the main system variables and feed the control code in a correct way. Thus, defining the desired variable for the experiment, such as: heating rate, number of cycles, maximum temperature, among others, the program is capable of performing both heating and isothermal tests, besides executing cycles automatically, if desired. The obtained results for the heating were extremely satisfying. Is was possible to obtain an approximately linear heating across the entire range off heating rates experimented, with an average R² of the trend lines superior to 0.99 in all experiments. As to the cooling, it was not made possible to achieve linearity with the resources used in this prototype, due to the low efficiency of the cooling elements

ESM_Movie from The effects of tradition on problem solving by two wild populations of bearded capuchin monkeys in a probing task

Video recordings illustrating the experimental sessions

ESM_text_Tradition and problem solving from The effects of tradition on problem solving by two wild populations of bearded capuchin monkeys in a probing task

Figures and Table

Tongue Abscess: Case Report

Introduction: The tongue abscesses are rare even being frequently in touch with trauma, bites, and foreign bodies. It occurs because of the immunological features of the saliva and some histological and anatomical characteristics of the tongue. This work has as objective report a case of tongue abscess occurred in our job, and do a literature review. Case Report: Patient of 76 years, male, assisted with complaint of pain when swallowing with progressive evolution for a week, with a significant deterioration over three days. Report history of the surgery, for dental implant in the beginning of the period. In the admission during the oral cavity examination was evident bulging of nearly 2x2 cm in the middle third posterior of the right tongue, painful to palpation. Was opted the hospitalization of the patient. Was required a MRI that showed suggestive lesions of abscess in the base of the tongue in the right side. Was submitted to a clinical treatment with antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage. The patient recovered uneventfully. Discussion: The clinical manifestation from the tongue abscess can be varied. The diagnosis must be done by clinic history, correlating risk factors associated, physical exam and the confirmatory imaging exams. The etiology and the differential diagnosis must be considered depending of the place of the clinical manifestation. The approach must include the permeability of airway, clinical support, and systemic antibiotic therapy and abscess drainage. Final Considerations: The abscess of the tongue must go in the differential diagnosis of bulging of the tongue being conducted with the antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage in a daily basis

Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube

Non-profits, as well as the media, have hypothesized the existence of a radicalization pipeline on YouTube, claiming that users systematically progress towards more extreme content on the platform. Yet, there is to date no substantial quantitative evidence of this alleged pipeline. To close this gap, we conduct a large-scale audit of user radicalization on YouTube. We analyze 330,925 videos posted on 349 channels, which we broadly classified into four types: Media, the Alt-lite, the Intellectual DarkWeb (I.D.W.), and the Alt-right. According to the aforementioned radicalization hypothesis, channels in the I.D.W. and the Alt-lite serve as gateways to fringe far-right ideology, here represented by Alt-right channels. Processing 72M+ comments, we show that the three channel types indeed increasingly share the same user base; that users consistently migrate from milder to more extreme content; and that a large percentage of users who consume Alt-right content now consumed Alt-lite and I.D.W. content in the past. We also probe YouTube's recommendation algorithm, looking at more than 2M video and channel recommendations between May/July 2019. We find that Alt-lite content is easily reachable from I.D.W. channels, while Alt-right videos are reachable only through channel recommendations. Overall, we paint a comprehensive picture of user radicalization on YouTube

Of Pins and Tweets: Investigating How Users Behave Across Image- and Text-Based Social Networks

Today, it is the norm for online social (OSN) users to have accounts on multiple services. For example, a recent study showed that 34% of all Twitter users also use Pinterest. This situation leads to interesting questions such as: Are the activities that users perform on each site disjoint? Alternatively, if users perform the same actions on multiple sites, where does the information originate? Given the interlinking between social networks, failure to understand activity across multiple sites may obfuscate the true information dissemination dynamics of the social web. In this study, we take the first steps towards a more complete understanding of user behavior across multiple OSNs. We collect a sample of over 30,000 users that have accounts on both Twitter and Pinterest, crawling their profile information and activity on a daily basis for a period of almost three months. We develop a novel methodology for comparing activity across these two sites. We find that the global patterns of use across the two sites differ significantly, and that users tend to post items to Pinterest before posting them on Twitter. Our findings can inform the understanding of the behavior of users on individual sites, as well as the dynamics of sharing across the social web