Alive Human Detection Robot using PIR sensor

Modern technology has paved the way for the construction of tall buildings and houses, which increases the risk of life loss during both natural and human-made disasters. To address this issue, we propose a recommended approach involves using a robot equipped with sensor technology to locate and determine the status of humans. The proposed solution is a robot based on passive infrared sensors (PIR). The robot is equipped with a set of sensors, including the micro controller using ultrasonic and PIR sensors, to detect signs of life from humans. If the person is found to be alive, a buzzer is activated. The robot then shares the person's location through a global positioning system(GPS) module, sending this information to the receiver via message. This way, timely assistance can be provided to individuals in need, potentially saving lives in critical situations. However, in harsh weather conditions, people may be stranded at various locations, making it challenging to find and assist them. The robot is operated via a Bluetooth module and utilizes an ultrasonic sensor to navigate autonomously

SUBSTATION MONITORING USING IoT

In the current era of automation, ensuring the safe supply of electricity to consumers is crucial, and monitoring and controlling substations play a vital role in this task. However, the risk of blackouts, brownouts, and fires is on the rise due to outdated distribution grid configurations and the lack of automation systems to monitor critical conditions within substations. Substations comprise various electronic components like transformers, breakers, and relays, making them susceptible to issues like overheating, transformer fluid leakage, and insulation breakdown. The conventional approach of manual system checks is both imprecise and time-consuming, especially for substations in urban areas. To address these challenges, we propose a cost-effective, user-friendly substation monitoring system that operates in automatic mode, eliminating the need for manual labor and reducing electricity loss. Our system offers various ways to display the results, ensuring that multiple individuals can monitor and control the parameters for safety and protection reasons. Notably, the uniqueness of our system lies in its ability to simultaneously display results on both desktop and mobile devices. To validate the system's performance in real-time monitoring, data logging, and controlling, we have successfully tested it on the CAYENNE platform. The positive outcomes of this test affirm the effectiveness of our proposed system

Smart City Traffic Management

In smart cities, traffic congestion is a significant challenge, leading to delays, hindrance to emergency vehicles, and localized pollution. Contributing factors include a surge in vehicles, inadequate infrastructure, system failures, and limited awareness of traffic signals. Diverse con- gestion identification techniques, such as image processing, laser tracking, and inductive loop systems, exist. However, this model centers on Infrared technology. It employs Infrared to gauge vehicle density, subsequently regulating traffic signals through ESP8266 NodeMCU, with data relayed to a central cloud system. The solution seamlessly integrates with existing models, offering rapid installation. Benefits encompass time savings for motorists, reduced traffic vio- lations, and effective congestion management, furthering emergency vehicle access and abating environmental impact. Challenges involve precision in Infrared-based density assessment, scala- bility testing, sustained maintenance, and collaboration with pertinent authorities. Real-world data and user feedback offer prospects for algorithmic refinement, while historical traffic analysis informs urban planning. Exploring Internet of Things (IoT) integration enhances its potential in reshaping urban traffic contro

A Study of the Rheological Properties and Gluten Protein Components Associated with Enhanced Baking Quality in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB genomes) is used predominantly for semolina and pasta products, but there is increasing interest in using durum for bread-making to provide alternative markets during periods of overproduction. The goal of this study was to characterize the bread-making quality of durum wheat cultivars and emmer (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccum, 2n = 4x = 28) derived breeding lines derived from crosses of durum wheat with an Emmer land race ‘97Emmer19’ from Iran. Emmer-derived breeding lines were evaluated along with three high quality bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD genomes) cultivars and seven durum wheat cultivars across three environments in replicated yield trials in the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Four 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation lines which carry the Glu-D1d allele [high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) pair 1Dx5+1Dy10] from chromosome 1D of bread wheat were also evaluated. In general, durum wheat cultivars with elevated gluten strength and/or increased dough extensibility were noted to have higher loaf volume (LV) than those with weaker gluten. The 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation line ‘L252’ carrying the LMW-1 banding pattern had better dough mixing stability and LV than the translocation lines with the LMW-2 banding pattern. The 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation lines had higher grain protein concentrations (GPC), but the lowest loaf volumes of all the lines tested. These translocation lines also exhibited unappealing external loaf quality (loaf shape and appearance) and poor internal loaf quality (crumb structure). Variation in bread-making quality attributes were observed among durum genotypes. ‘97Emmer19’ exhibited higher LV than all the durum wheats evaluated and approached the loaf volume achieved with the bread wheat cultivar ‘AC Superb’. Breeding lines derived from crosses of ‘97Emmer19’ to strong gluten durum cultivars (‘WB881’ or ‘AC Navigator’) had higher LV than those of the durum checks. ‘97Emmer19’ carried Glu-A1a* (HMW-GS 1Ax1) and the progeny carrying that allele generally exhibited higher loaf volumes. Durum wheat genotypes expressing the Glu-B1d (HMW-GS pair Bx6+By8) allele exhibited better overall bread-making quality compared with those expressing the Glu-B1b (HMW-GS pair Bx7+By8) allele. The durum cultivar ‘Arcola’ and the emmer-derived breeding line ‘2000EB4’, showed higher alveograph extensibility (L) values than did the bread wheat check ‘AC Barrie’. The durum wheat genotypes (with the exception of ‘Stewart-63’) and emmer-derived breeding lines exhibited better dough extensibility than the USDA-ARS 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation lines. These results indicate that there is potential to select for genotypes with improved baking quality in durum breeding programs

Analytical framework for optimized feature extraction for upgrading occupancy sensing performance

The adoption of the occupancy sensors has become an inevitable in commercial and non-commercial security devices, owing to their proficiency in the energy management. It has been found that the usages of conventional sensors is shrouded with operational problems, hence the use of the Doppler radar offers better mitigation of such problems. However, the usage of Doppler radar towards occupancy sensing in existing system is found to be very much in infancy stage. Moreover, the performance of monitoring using Doppler radar is yet to be improved more. Therefore, this paper introduces a simplified framework for enriching the event sensing performance by efficient selection of minimal robust attributes using Doppler radar. Adoption of analytical methodology has been carried out to find that different machine learning approaches could be further used for improving the accuracy performance for the feature that has been extracted in the proposed system of occuancy system

Traffic Light Control Using Nexys A7

A traffic light controller is an electronic device that controls the sequence of traffic signals at an intersection, ensuring smooth and safe traffic flow. In modern traffic light controllers, digital logic circuits are used to control the sequence of traffic signals. The traffic light controller uses a state machine to determine the sequence of traffic signals. The state machine has a set of states, each of which corresponds to a particular sequence of traffic signals. The state machine changes state based on a set of input signals, such as a clock signal or a pedestrian signal. Here we are implementing a 4-way traffic light controller which is designed to manage the flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic at an intersection with four directions: North, South, West, and East. Each direction is represented by a different label or abbreviation, such as m1 for North, m2 for South, m3 for West, and m4 for East. The purpose of a 4-way traffic light controller is to regulate and optimize the flow of traffic at intersections. It ensures safe and efficient movement of vehicles by assigning right-of-way to different directions in a coordinated manner. By alternating the signal lights, it reduces the chances of accidents and congestion, improving overall traffic managemen

Attacks and countermeasures on routing protocols in wireless networks

Routing in wireless networks is not an easy task as they are highly vulnerable to attacks. The main goal of this work is to study the routing performance and security aspects of wireless ad hoc and mesh networks. Most of the routing protocols use hop-count as the routing metric. Hop count metric may not be appropriate for routing in wireless networks as this does not account for the link qualities, advantages of multi-radio paradigm etc. There are several metrics designed for link quality based source routing protocols for multi-radio wireless ad hoc and mesh networks. For example Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT), Adjusted Expected Transfer Delay(AETD) etc. But these metrics do not consider the effect of individual link qualities on the total route quality and route selection. This lack of ability from WCETT or AETD would allow them to select suboptimal paths when actually an optimal path is available. In another point of view, this inability can create a routing disruption attack named as delay-variation attack (a variant of black hole attack). It can be launched by a couple of colluding attackers attracting packets at one point by showing very good link qualities and dropping packets at another point by decreasing the link quality. To select an optimal route and prevent the above mentioned attack, a new routing metric known as Variance Based Path Quality metric (VBPQ) is proposed. VBPQ metric provides a robust, reliable and secure edge to the routing mechanism. Another major contribution of this study is to provide a detection mechanism for wormhole attacks in wireless ad hoc networks operating on link quality based source routing protocols. There have been several detection techniques designed for hop count based routing protocols but not for link quality based source routing protocols. In this work, a data mining approach called Cross feature analysis is used in an algorithm to detect wormhole attacks

Car parking management system

In the contemporary world, a prevalent challenge we confront is the rapid growth of the global population. This demographic expansion has given rise to several consequential problems, including the proliferation of automobiles on our roadways. The surge in vehicle numbers has led to congested traffic conditions and a scarcity of available parking spots, consequently fostering the problem of unauthorized parking. This unauthorized parking, in turn, poses a significant threat to the security of vehicles. In this area of high automobile traffic, the main issue arises when there is no management in the parking of automobiles. Due to this, there are high chances of accidents. To accomplish this task, we implemented a car parking system which is really very reliable and decreases the chance of risk in parking the vehicles. We proposed a car parking system which will calculate the empty slots available in the given parking place. Here, we have taken an ideal case of having 32 slots available in the parking place. We implemented and synthesized the project on the XILINX VIVADO platform using Verilog HDL. Hardware prototyping is done on Nexys a7 FPGA board

A Consistent Algorithm for Implementing the Space Conservation Law

Fluid flows occurring in moving and/or deforming environments are influenced by the transient nature of their containment. In Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), simulating such flow fields requires effort to maintain the geometric integrity of the transient flow domain. Convective fluxes in such domains are evaluated with respect to the motion of the boundaries of the control volume. These simulations demand conservation of space in addition to the conservation of mass, momentum and energy as the solution continues in time. The Space Conservation Law in its continuous form can be inferred by using the rules of fundamental calculus. However, implementing it in a discrete form poses substantial challenges. During mesh motion, the surfaces enclosing the control volumes sweep through three-dimensional space. As per the Space Conservation Law, the change in the control volume has to match the sum of the swept volumes of all its faces exactly. The Space Conservation Law must be satisfied accurately and consistently in order to avoid the occurrence of non-physical masses and to prevent the violation of the continuity equation. In this work we have attempted to address the consistency issues surrounding the implementation of the Space Conservation Law in OpenFOAM. The existing method for calculation of swept volumes falls short in terms of consistency. Moreover, its capabilities are limited when it comes to complex three-dimensional mesh motions. The existing method of calculation treats swept volumes as net fluxes emanating from cell faces. We have implemented an alternate algorithm in which the swept volumes are treated as intermittent virtual cells whose volumes can be calculated in a unique and consistent manner. We will conclude by validating our approach for mesh motions of varying degrees of complexity

A comparative study between intralesional 5-fluorouracil combined with triamcinolone acetonide and triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of keloids

Background: Many modalities of keloid treatment have been advocated which have a variable and transient success. There is no universally accepted treatment resulting in permanent cure. Hence there is need for evaluation of better modalities to achieve good cosmetic acceptability. Current study compares the efficacy and safety of intralesional 5-fluorouracil combined with triamcinolone acetonide and triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of keloids.Methods: Cases of clinically diagnosed keloids from South Central Railway Hospital were included in the study. These patients were randomly allocated alternately between group 1 and 2. An interventional and comparative study, comparing the percentage reduction in volume of keloid between both groups after treatment was done. For group 1 intralesional injection 5-fluorouracil 0.9 ml (50 mg/ml) combined with 0.1 ml of triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/ml) i.e., 45 mg of 5 Fluorouracil was combined with 4 mg of triamcinolone, weekly once for 8 weeks. For group 2 intralesional triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg/ml alone weekly for 8 weeks. Volume of keloid (i.e., (length x breadth x height measured by vernier calipers) before starting treatment and one week after the last injection was compared. percentage reduction in the volume was calculated.Results: The overall therapeutic response in volume reduction in group 1 was found to be better and statistically significant (p value<0.01) compared to group 2.Conclusions: The present study has shown that intralesional 5-FU+TAC is more effective compared to TAC intralesional injection alone