74 research outputs found

    Structure and tree diversity of lowland limestone forest on Seram Island, Indonesia

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    There have previously been very few studies of forests on Seram Island in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago and none before on lowland limestone primary forests. The COLUPSIA project on collaborative land use planning has therefore chosen Seram as one of two project sites. The objective of the COLUPSIA project is to establish collaborative and equitable land use planning. In order to achieve its objective the COLUPSIA project aims to improve understanding of traditional resource management and how it interacts with governmental systems, as well as enhancing knowledge about tropical landscapes and ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to contribute to the COLUPSIA project through describing lowland limestone forest on Seram Island in respect to (1) forest structure, (2) tree species richness and (3) tree species composition. We set up 5 plots, each of 0.2 ha, at one site, Mawalai, and collected data on tree variables (tree diameter ≄10 cm) as well as for some other life forms and environmental data. I made comparisons both within the Mawalai site and between sites, where I compared data from the Mawalai site with two 1 ha plots that were already set up at one site each, within the same forest type. Results varied depending on scale; tree species composition differed between some plots within one site, but much more between different sites where groupings per site were clear in NMS ordinations. Forest structure, in terms of diameter and stem density, differed between sites. A combination of the two, basal area, also varied within site. Species richness differed between one less species rich site (one 1 ha plot, 59 species) and the two other, more species rich sites (one 1 ha plot, 96 species and five 0.2 ha plots, 95 species), but did not differ significantly within the Mawalai site. Spatial distance and the amount of surface rock cover might explain a large portion of the variation seen both in between sites and between plots within site. It is however not possible to distinguish between the two in this study since they correlate and the rock cover gradient is insufficient. As one of few studies on limestone forest in Malesia this is also an example of what tree species might occur there. The distributions of tree species found in the study, based on a small sample, varied; some species have distributions towards New Guinea and Australia, others have Western distributions and some are restricted to the near region.Tropisk regnskog Ă€r kanske det mest artrika ekosystemet och samtidigt ett av de minst Tropisk regnskog Ă€r kanske det mest artrika ekosystemet pĂ„ jorden och samtidigt ett av de minst kĂ€nda. Det finns mĂ„nga platser som sĂ€llan eller aldrig studerats och den höga artrikedomen försvĂ„rar för ekologiska studier eftersom mĂ„nga av arterna Ă€r okĂ€nda. I Indonesiens övĂ€rld har ekologiska studier frĂ€mst gjorts pĂ„ de stora öarna medan det pĂ„ ön Seram, i östra delen av landet, bara har genomförts ett fĂ„tal studier. Seram Ă€r speciell eftersom en stor del av ön bestĂ„r av kalk, nĂ„got som Ă€r ovanligt, och eftersom avskogningen inte har varit sĂ„ stor dĂ€r Ă€n. Tropisk kalkskog Ă€r ofta mindre produktiv och har inte studerats sĂ€rskilt mycket. Det finns exempel pĂ„ nĂ„gra studier av kalkskog pĂ„ öar i Sydostasien, men ingen har tidigare gjorts av lĂ„glĂ€nt kalkskog pĂ„ Seram. Ett större tvĂ€rvetenskapligt projekt (COLUPSIA) som arbetar för att frĂ€mja gemensam markanvĂ€ndningsplanering anvĂ€nder Seram som ett av tvĂ„ studieomrĂ„den. Ett mĂ„l med projektet Ă€r att testa metoder som kan anvĂ€ndas för att olika parter som berörs ska kunna vara delaktiga i planeringen av hur mark anvĂ€nds. För att nĂ„ projektmĂ„len sĂ„ behövs mer information om bĂ„de traditionell resurshantering och statliga styrsystem. Det behövs samtidigt en ökad kunskap om marken som planeringen berör: de tropiska landskapen och deras ekosystemtjĂ€nster. Syftet med min studie var att bidra till COLUPSIA -projektet genom att beskriva lĂ„glĂ€nt naturskog pĂ„ kalkmark pĂ„ ön Seram. Det gjorde jag med avseende pĂ„ (1) skogens struktur, (2) trĂ€dartsrikedom och (3) trĂ€dartssammansĂ€ttning. Tillsammans med fĂ€ltassistenter frĂ„n den nĂ€rmsta byn mĂ€tte jag diameter och höjd pĂ„ trĂ€d och samlade in löv för att trĂ€den skulle kunna artbestĂ€mmas. För att försöka förstĂ„ vad sammansĂ€ttningen av trĂ€darter pĂ„verkas av sĂ„ samlade jag Ă€ven in information av nĂ„gra olika miljöfaktorer (t ex andel mark tĂ€ckt av sten, markens lutning, förekomst av vatten). Sedan jĂ€mförde jag de data som jag samlat in med data frĂ„n tvĂ„ andra omrĂ„den som redan studerats inom ramarna för COLUPSIA -projektet. Det visade sig att bĂ„de geografiskt avstĂ„nd och mĂ€ngden ytlig sten skulle kunna förklara en stor del av variationen i trĂ€dartsammansĂ€ttning bĂ„de mellan olika om-rĂ„den och inom samma omrĂ„de. Artrikedomen var generellt hög men lĂ€gre i ett omrĂ„de (en yta 1 ha, 59 trĂ€darter) Ă€n i de tvĂ„ andra omrĂ„dena (en yta 1 ha, 96 trĂ€darter och fem ytor ĂĄ 0,2 ha, 95 trĂ€darter). Det Ă€r viktigt att veta hur variationen inom en skogstyp ser ut vid markanvĂ€ndningsplanering. Det kan t ex gĂ€lla utvĂ€rdering av hur mycket kol som lagras i olika delar av skogen (t ex för REDD+). Det kan ocksĂ„ handla om i vilka delar av skogen som det finns flest arter, nĂ„got som kan vĂ€gas in vid prioritering av omrĂ„den vid naturvĂ„rdsplanering. PĂ„ grund av den dĂ„liga kunskapen Ă€r ocksĂ„ den grundlĂ€ggande beskrivningen av trĂ€dartsammansĂ€ttningen av intresse

    Responses of tree-associated species to forest management

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    In forests there are many organisms that depend on trees. When forests are managed the environment for tree-associated species changes, and a lot of their habitat is lost. In boreal forests it is common with clearcutting, where almost all trees are harvested. In addition, with an increased demand for biofuel, the extraction of tree tops, branches and stumps is expanding. At the same time, some trees are retained in the open conditions after clearcutting for conservation purposes. In the boreal forests of Sweden, tree species richness is poor but the richness of flora and fauna of species associated with trees is high. I have analyzed the responses of epiphytic lichens to the environmental change on retained trees when the surrounding forest is clearcut. I have also analyzed the responses of saproxylic beetles to stump extraction in the landscape. Overall, there is a wide variety of species responses, and they can be difficult to predict. Sometimes tree traits, such as successional strategy, can help predict the responses of tree-associated species to environmental change. Sometimes the traits of the tree-associated species themselves can drive their response to environmental change. For lichens, species associated with the late-successional Norway spruce occur less on trees retained at clearcuts than on trees in closed-canopy forest. The pattern is the opposite for lichen species associated with early-successional tree species. Some lichen traits can also drive species responses to the open environment after clearcutting; characteristics that seem to increase the probability of lichens to occur on trees retained at clearcutting are a foliose or fruticose growth form, thallus sunscreen, or asexual reproduction. The responses of saproxylic beetles to landscape stump extraction varies, with predators more negatively affected than lower trophic levels. In an attempt to elucidate different aspects of the distribution of responses, I suggest ways to develop the concept of response diversity. The diverging responses of species to forest management entails different requirements for their conservation

    Biomarkers of brain function in psychosis and their genetic basis

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    Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are amongst the most severe and enduring mental illnesses. Recent research has identified several genetic variants associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis; however, it remains largely unknown how these lead to the illness. This is where endophenotypes – heritable traits associated with the illness and observed in unaffected family members of patients – could be valuable. Endophenotypes are linked to the genetic underpinnings of disorders, and can help elucidate the functional effects of genetic risk variants. This thesis investigates endophenotypes for psychosis, with the overall aim of identify such biological markers, as well as to examine the relationships between different endophenotypes and their associations with genetic risk for psychosis. A family design has been used throughout, including patients with psychosis, their unaffected first-degree relatives, as well as healthy controls. In chapter 1, I review the endophenotype approach and those markers proposed for psychosis genetic research. Chapters 2 and 3 investigate whether different neurophysiological measures are potential endophenotypes for psychosis. In chapter 2, resting state EEG was studied and it was shown that risk groups, including unaffected relatives and people with an at-risk mental state, presented no abnormalities. This suggests that – rather than endophenotypes – the low frequency electrophysiological abnormalities seen in chronic patients in this study might be related to illness progression or long-term medication effects, and be more useful as biomarkers in non-genetic research. In chapter 3, I used dynamic causal modelling to investigate effective connectivity – the influence that one neuronal system exerts over another – underlying the mismatch negativity evoked potential, a marker of pre-attentive auditory perception. Results indicate that, compared to controls, both patients and their relatives show abnormalities of the excitability of superficial pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex. Hence, this appears to be linked to the genetic aetiology of psychosis, and constitutes a potential endophenotype. Chapters 4 and 5 investigate several pre-identified endophenotypes for psychosis: Electrophysiological (the P300 event related potential), cognitive (working memory, spatial visualisation, and verbal memory), and neuroanatomical (lateral ventricular volume). In chapter 4, the associations between these endophenotypes were examined. Results showed that the P300 amplitude and latency are independent measures; the former indexing attention and working memory and the latter possibly a correlate of basic speed of processing. Importantly, individuals with psychosis, their unaffected relatives, and healthy controls all showed similar patterns of associations between all pairs of endophenotypes, supporting the notion of a continuum of psychosis across the population. Lastly, in chapter 5, polygenic risk scores – a measure of the combined effect of a large number of common genetic risk variants – were used to investigate the relationships between genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and the endophenotypes studied in the previous chapter. Results showed that higher polygenic score for schizophrenia nominally predicts poorer performance on a spatial visualisation task; providing some evidence that the two traits share genetic risk variants as hypothesised. No other associations approached significance, possibly due to insufficient statistical power. However, as discovery samples grow, the use of polygenic scores is promising. This thesis has thus contributed to the field of mental health research by investigating key electrophysiological, cognitive and imaging endophenotypes for psychosis, as well as their genetic influences. Well defined and reliably measured endophenotypes are valuable in mental health research by clarifying the functional effects of identified genetic risk factors, and by providing ways of identifying groups of people with similar abnormalities, both within and between current diagnostic categories

    TillstĂ„nd för grĂ€smarksnaturtyper 2020 – 2022

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    Inom NILS inventeringar ingÄr sedan 2020 variabler som samlar in data pÄ naturtypers kvalitet. I den hÀr rapporten presenterar vi resultaten av ett första test i att anvÀnda data frÄn de kvalitetsvariablerna för att skatta hur stora andelar av naturtypers areal som Àr i fullgott tillstÄnd

    Arealskattningar utifrÄn NILS grÀsmarks- och lövskogsinventeringar 2020-2022

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    NILS grĂ€smarks- och lövskogsinventeringar startade 2020 och har nu tre Ă„rs fĂ€ltdata. Syftet med inventeringarna Ă€r bl.a. att bidra med information om arealer och tillstĂ„nd för naturtyper nationellt i Sverige. Det gĂ€ller sĂ„vĂ€l naturtyper inom annex I i EU:s art- och habitatdirektiv (annex I-naturtyper) som mer generella naturtyper, dĂ€r kraven för annex I inte nödvĂ€ndigtvis Ă€r uppfyllda, för att ge en helhetsbild av svenska grĂ€smarker och lövskogar. I den hĂ€r rapporten presenterar vi kombinerade arealskattningar och relativa medelfel för grĂ€smarks- och lövskogsnaturtyper baserat pĂ„ data frĂ„n Ă„ren 2020–2022. De tre Ă„rens data omfattar 342 804 flygbildsinventerade provytor varav 4 861 provytor Ă€r inventerade i fĂ€lt. Inventeringarna inom NILS nya generella ramverk följer ett femĂ„rigt inventeringsintervall, Ă„terinventeringen börjar 2025 för grĂ€smarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna

    Associations between polygenic risk scores for four psychiatric illnesses and brain structure using multivariate pattern recognition

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    Psychiatric illnesses are complex and polygenic. They are associated with widespread alterations in the brain, which are partly influenced by genetic factors. There have been some attempts to relate polygenic risk scores (PRS) - a measure of the overall genetic risk an individual carries for a disorder - to brain structure using univariate methods. However, PRS are likely associated with distributed and covarying effects across the brain. We therefore used multivariate machine learning in this proof-of-principle study to investigate associations between brain structure and PRS for four psychiatric disorders; attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The sample included 213 individuals comprising patients with depression (69), bipolar disorder (33), and healthy controls (111). The five psychiatric PRSs were calculated based on summary data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained and voxel-based morphometry was implemented in SPM12. Multivariate relevance vector regression was implemented in the Pattern Recognition for Neuroimaging Toolbox (PRoNTo). Across the whole sample, a multivariate pattern of grey matter significantly predicted the PRS for autism (r = 0.20, pFDR = 0.03; MSE = 4.20 × 10-5, pFDR = 0.02). For the schizophrenia PRS, the MSE was significant (MSE = 1.30 × 10-5, pFDR = 0.02) although the correlation was not (r = 0.15, pFDR = 0.06). These results lend support to the hypothesis that polygenic liability for autism and schizophrenia is associated with widespread changes in grey matter concentrations. These associations were seen in individuals not affected by these disorders, indicating that this is not driven by the expression of the disease, but by the genetic risk captured by the PRSs

    Uppföljning av 2021 Ärs inventeringar av grÀsmarker och lövskogar inom NILS

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    Inför grÀsmarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna 2021 genomfördes vissa förÀndringar i metodiken sÄvÀl i flygbilds-som fÀltinventeringen jÀmfört med 2020. PÄ initiativ frÄn NaturvÄrdsverket gjordes en reducerad inventering av grÀsmarker jÀmfört med 2020, med fokus pÄ grÀsmarker inom art- och habitatdirektivets annex 1. Vi anpassade stickprovstÀtheten mer efter regionala behov, vilket innebar en förtÀtning i kontinental region och ett glesare stickprov i alpin region jÀmfört med 2020. Vi minskade Àven antalet provytor per trakt för att istÀllet kunna öka antalet trakter i inventeringarna. FörÀndringarna har gett resultat med förbÀttrad precision för arealskattningar av ett flertal annex 1-naturtyper. Vi kan Àven konstatera att det finns en relativt stor synergi mellan lövskogs- och grÀsmarksinventeringen dÀr 65 % av trakterna inventeras inom bÄda inventeringarna. Det finns Àven synergier med NILS fjÀllinventering dÀr vissa provytor för fÀltbesök ligger i anslutning till varandra. Arbetet med att göra sammanvÀgningar av artinformation och kvalitetsvariabler för att bedöma inventerade ytors naturvÀrde, och i förlÀngningen naturtypers status i Sverige, Àr under utveckling i samarbete med Artdatabanken

    Nationell flygbildsinventering av grÀsmarker och lövskogar med hjÀlp av ortofoton, NILS 2020

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    Under 2020 pĂ„gick ett intensivt utvecklingsarbete inom alla delar av de nya grĂ€smarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna, pĂ„ uppdrag av NaturvĂ„rdsverket. För flygbildsinventeringen togs en ny metodik fram med grund i den mĂ„ngĂ„riga erfarenhet som finns vid avdelningen för landskapsanalys, Institutionen för skoglig resurshushĂ„llning, SLU. I den hĂ€r arbetsrapporten beskrivs arbetet som gjordes för att kunna genomföra en flygbildsinventering anpassad till de nya behov som finns i och med den stickprovsdesign, med tvĂ„ faser, som utvecklats och anvĂ€nds i de nya inventeringarna. Det hĂ€r Ă€r Ă€ven en beskrivning av den metodik som anvĂ€ndes inom flygbildsinventeringen för grĂ€smarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna 2020. MĂ„len för inventeringarna var att inventera sĂ„vĂ€l ovanliga som vanliga naturtyper under samma paraply. Nyckeln till att det Ă€r möjligt Ă€r flygbildsinventeringen. Genom klassningar av provytor i flygbildsinventeringen kan fĂ€ltinventeringen fokuseras till de naturtyper som ligger inom uppdraget frĂ„n NaturvĂ„rdsverket. Klassningen inom flygbildsinventeringen gör det ocksĂ„ möjligt att inventera ovanliga naturtyper i tĂ€tare stickprov och att anpassa stickprovstĂ€theter utifrĂ„n regionala skillnader. Hur detta gjordes för flygbildsinventeringen 2020 beskrivs i den hĂ€r arbetsrapporten. Under 2020 baserades flygbildsinventeringen framförallt pĂ„ ortofoto. För att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla att inventeringarna inkluderade alla provytor som potentiellt kunde innehĂ„lla en naturtyp av intresse för inventeringarna sĂ„ tillĂ€mpades en princip om överklassning. Det Ă€r en statistiskt viktig princip som i praktiken innebar att provytor dĂ€r marktypsklassningen var osĂ€ker gavs en aktuell klass för grĂ€smark- och/eller lövskogsinventeringen sĂ„ att provytan gavs möjligheten att vidare vĂ€ljas för fĂ€ltbesök. För att försöka skilja pĂ„ marktyper med olika potential för hög kvalitet anvĂ€ndes en tidsserie av gamla ortofoton för att bedöma marktypens historiska kontinuitet i provytan. Även andra digitala skikt anvĂ€ndes som stöd i flygbildsinventeringen

    UtvÀrdering av NILS fjÀllinventering 2021

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    I rapporten beskriver vi den nya designen för NILS fjÀllinventeringen 2021. Inventeringen anvÀnder en balanserad tvÄfas-stickprovsdesign som i grunden bygger pÄ NILS löv- och grÀsmarksinventeringar. Till skillnad mot NILS löv- och grÀsmarksinventeringar anvÀnder vi inte flygbildstolkning för att styra urvalet av fÀltprovytor, istÀllet anvÀnder vi satellitbildsinformation tillsammans med LIDAR-data som kombineras i matematiska modeller. Syftet med förÀndringarna Àr frÀmst att skapa ett bÀttre dataunderlag för Artikel 17-rapportering till EU:s art- och habitatdirektiv jÀmfört med den information som erhÄllits frÄn tidigare NILS basinventerings utlÀgg i fjÀllregionen. I rapporten visas att vi kommer att uppfylla NaturvÄrdsverkets krav för kvalitén av annex 1-naturtyper i relation till arealskattningar, upptÀckbara förÀndringar samt att vi har samlat in fler variabler och information om artförekomst för statusbedömningen av annex 1-naturtyper. Utöver en ökad datakvalité för annex 1-naturtyper kan vi Àven redovisa andra variabler med en högre detaljnivÄ om fjÀllens tillstÄnd och förÀndringar, t.ex. arealskattningar för olika myrtyper, snölegor, substratmarker, förekomst av skrÀp, mÀnskligt tramp och renspillning. Med utgÄngspunkt frÄn erfarenheterna vi gjort under 2021 identifierar vi förbÀttringsmöjligheter inför fÀltsÀsongen 2022 för att fÄ en Ànnu mer stabil och hÄllbar fjÀllinventering

    Summaries of plenary, symposia, and oral sessions at the XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-16 October 2014

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    The XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 12-16 October 2014. A total of 883 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in the field. The following report was written by student and postdoctoral attendees. Each was assigned one or more sessions as a rapporteur. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all of the oral presentations during the conference, and contains some of the major notable new findings reported
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