Ximena, variedad de nochebuena (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) para decorar espacios de interior

Objective: To describe the variety of Ximena poinsettia based on UPOV guidelines and to evaluate its behavior with a cooperating producer in Morelos state.Design/methodology/approach: The variety was generated by the genotechnical methods of hybridization, recurrent selection and use of the grafting method. The varietal description was made based on the document of the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The experimental design used was a completely randomized, with 10 repetitions. Vegetative and bract characters of the plant were recorded. The information was studied by analysis of variance and Tukey means comparison test (P? 0.05).Results: Ximena is tall, large, with intermediate branching. The leaf is oval, long and wide with a medium length petiole. Elliptical bracts, red color, without torsion and roughness between the nerves. The width of the top is medium, yellow ciatio glands, and without any deformation. Ximena's response was statistically similar to the two controls in stem diameter, number of internodes, leaf width, leaf petiole length and bract. Instead, it was statistically superior in bract length, bract canopy width, and diameter of ciatio.Limitations on study/implications: The variety is maintained as an original plant, from which commercial crops will be established. Therefore, it requires adequate nutrition and conditions that do not allow its floral differentiation.Findings/conclusions: Ximena's behavior and archetype was comparable to that of commercial varieties, it has aesthetic characteristics that the market demands, it can be competitive and it is considered a candidate to diversify the offer of poinsettias plants in the Christmas season.Objetivo: Describir la variedad de nochebuena Ximena en base a directrices de la UPOV y evaluar su comportamiento con un productor cooperante en el estado de Morelos.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: La variedad se generó mediante los métodos genotécnicos de hibridación, selección recurrente y uso de la técnica de injerto. La descripción varietal se realizó en base al documento de la Unión para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV). El diseño experimental utilizado fue un completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones. Se registraron caracteres vegetativos y de bráctea de la planta. La información se estudió mediante análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de medias Tukey (P? 0.05).Resultados: Ximena presenta porte alto, de amplitud grande con ramificación intermedia. La hoja de forma oval, larga y ancha con peciolo de longitud media. Brácteas de forma elíptica, color rojo, sin torsión y rugosidad entre los nervios. La anchura de la cima es media, glándulas del ciatio de color amarillo de tamaño medio sin alguna deformación. La respuesta de Ximena fue estadísticamente similar a los dos testigos en diámetro del tallo, número de entrenudos, ancho de hoja, longitud de peciolo de hoja y bráctea. En cambio, fue superior estadísticamente en longitud de bráctea, amplitud de dosel de bráctea y diámetro de ciatio.Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La variedad se mantiene como planta madre, a partir de la cual se van a establecer cultivos comerciales. Por lo que, requiere adecuada nutrición y condiciones que no permitan su diferenciación floral.Hallazgos/conclusiones: El comportamiento y arquetipo de Ximena fue comparable a la de variedades comerciales, posee características estéticas que demanda el mercado, puede ser competitiva y se considera candidata para diversificar la oferta de plantas de nochebuena en la temporada de navidad

Paula Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) indoor variety

Objective: Evaluate the behavior of the poinsettia variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) called Paula and describe its characteristics based on the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Design/methodology/approach: The genetic improvement process was by hybridization and selection. To promote compaction and greater branching, it was grafted on a commercial variety. The cuttings of this gave rise to the variety Paula, which was described in 2020 with the Guidelines for the Execution of Examination of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. Vegetative and bract characters were recorded and analysis of variance was applied, as well as a mean comparison test using Tukey (P≤ 0.05). Results: Paula presented medium size, wide breadth and medium branching. Stem with weak intensity of green color in the middle third. Oval-shaped leaves, long in length and broad in width, a single color of medium intensity, wedge-shaped at the base, long-length petiole with weak intensity of the green color of the beam. With many elliptical red bracts of medium length and narrow width. Compared to other INIFAP varieties, Paula presented statistical differences in vegetative and bract characters. Limitations on study/implications: Commercial production of poinsettia is done by taking advantage of asexual propagation. The original plant must be kept in a vegetative state, through comprehensive and intensive management in order to avoid flowering and thus obtain a continuum of propagation material. Findings/conclusions: Paula is of intermediate cycle, with qualitative and competitive characteristics in size, branching and red color of the bract. It can satisfy the taste and preference of consumers in the national and even international markets.Objective: To evaluate the behavior of the Paula poinsettia variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) and to describe its characteristics, based on the guidelines established by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Design/Methodology/Approach: The genetic improvement included hybridization and selection techniques. To promote compaction and greater branching, it was grafted on a commercial variety. The cuttings obtained gave rise to the Paula variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch), which was described in 2020, based on the Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. Vegetative and bract characteristics were recorded and an analysis of variance was applied, as well as a Tukey’s mean comparison test (P≤ 0.05). Results: The Paula variety is medium-sized and has a wide breadth and medium branching. It is pale green in the middle third of the stem. It has oval-shaped, long, and broad leaves of the same medium-intensity color, and a wedge-shaped base. It has a long petiole with a pale green upper side. This variety also has many elliptical red bracts of medium length and narrow width. Compared to other INIFAP varieties, the vegetative and bract characteristics of Paula presented statistical differences. Study Limitations/Implications: The commercial production of poinsettia is carried out through asexual propagation. The mother plant is kept in a vegetative state, through comprehensive and intensive management, preventing its flowering and obtaining a continuum of propagation material. Findings/Conclusions: Paula has an intermediate cycle, with quality and competitive size, branching, and color of the bract (red). It can satisfy the taste and preference of consumers in the domestic and even foreign market

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed

Hybridization of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) in Morelos, México: Hibridación de higuerilla

Objective: To determine the receptivity of the stigma and the viability of pollen to make manual crosses and obtain viable progeny in castor. Design/methodology/approach: Pollen viability tests were made on improved materials by staining with aceto carmine solution. In elite materials, the receptivity of the stigma was evaluated with hydrogen peroxide. From the inflorescences, the male ones were removed and the female ones were preserved, which were covered with a glassine bag. After six days, it was reviewed and when it was considered receptive, manual pollinations were carried out between viable pollen materials and receptive stigma. The pollen of the male parent was impregnated in the stigmas and the inflorescence was covered again. Results: The improved materials presented viable pollen since they were stained red. Whereas, the application of hydrogen peroxide to the stigmas of the elite materials showed a bubbling, indicative that they were receptive. In 2014, 400 inflorescences were pollinated with 8 flowers on average and a fruit pollinated percentage of 61.21. In 2015, 245 inflorescences with 12 flowers on average and 61.24% of fruit were pollinated. Limitations on study/implications: Temperature and relative humidity were fundamental factors for the success of castor fertilization. Findings/conclusions: The elite castor materials presented receptive stigmas and the improved viable pollen materials. Manual crosses produced fruits and seeds. The fruits pollinated was 61%.Objective: To determine the stigma receptivity and the pollen viability in order to make manual crosses and obtain viable progeny in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.).Design/Methodology/Approach: Pollen viability tests were made on breeding materials by staining with acetocarmine solution. In elite materials, the receptivity of the stigma was evaluated with hydrogen peroxide. From the inflorescences, the male ones were removed and the female ones were preserved, which were covered with a glassine bag. After six days, they were checked and when they were considered receptive, manual pollinations were carried out between viable pollen materials and receptive stigma. The pollen of the male parent was impregnated in the stigmas and the inflorescence was covered again.Results: The breeding materials exhibited viable pollen since they were stained red. Whereas, the application of hydrogen peroxide to the stigmas of the elite materials showed bubbling, indicative that they were receptive. In 2014, 400 inflorescences were pollinated with 8 flowers on average and a fruit pollinated percentage of 61.21. In 2015, 245 inflorescences with 12 flowers on average and 61.24% of fruit were pollinated.Study Limitations/Implications: Temperature and relative humidity were fundamental factors for the success of castor bean fertilization.Findings/Conclusions: The elite castor bean materials presented receptive stigmas and the improved viable pollen materials. Manual crosses produced fruits and seeds. The fruits pollinated were 61%

The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits

Mexico harbors great cultural and ethnic diversity, yet fine-scale patterns of human genome-wide variation from this region remain largely uncharacterized. We studied genomic variation within Mexico from over 1000 individuals representing 20 indigenous and 11 mestizo populations. We found striking genetic stratification among indigenous populations within Mexico at varying degrees of geographic isolation. Some groups were as differentiated as Europeans are from East Asians. Pre-Columbian genetic substructure is recapitulated in the indigenous ancestry of admixed mestizo individuals across the country. Furthermore, two independently phenotyped cohorts of Mexicans and Mexican Americans showed a significant association between subcontinental ancestry and lung function. Thus, accounting for fine-scale ancestry patterns is critical for medical and population genetic studies within Mexico, in Mexican-descent populations, and likely in many other populations worldwide

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used