The Effects of Psilocybin on Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Healthy Adults and Adults with Depression: A Systematic Literature Review

Aim. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist in some mushroom species, has shown promise as a novel, fast-acting pharmacotherapy seeking to overcome the limitations of conventional first-line antidepressants. Studying psilocybin effects on cognition and emotional processing may help to clarify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and may also support studies with people suffering from depression. Thus, this review aims to synthesize and integrate the literature regarding the effects of psilocybin on these two key areas in both healthy and depressed populations. Method. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases, restricting to publications from 2000 to 15th July 2022. After duplicates removal, study selection was conducted considering pre-specified criteria. Data extraction was then performed. The quality assessment was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration tools for randomized (RoB 2.0) and non-randomized (ROBINS-I) controlled trials. Results. Eighteen papers were included, with sixteen targeting healthy adults and two adults with depression. Impairments within the attentional and inhibitory processes, and improvements within the creativity and social cognition domains were seen in healthy individuals. Only cognitive flexibility and emotional recognition were found to be affected in depressed subjects. Comparison of outcomes from both populations proved limited. Conclusions. Psilocybin acutely alters several cognitive domains, with a localized rather than global focus, in a time-dependent manner. However, the remarkable methodological heterogeneity calls for further research, in the context of mental illness and with standardized plans, with longitudinal studies also imperative

A relação entre a consciência fonológica e as conceptualizações de escrita em crianças dos 4 aos 6 anos

O presente estudo tem como objectivo investigar o desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica e a sua relação com as conceptualizações de escrita em crianças portuguesas dos quatro aos seis anos de idade. A amostra do estudo é constituída por 60 crianças de idade pré-escolar divididas por quatro grupos etários (4 anos – 4 anos e 6 meses.; 4 anos e 7 meses – 5 anos e 1 mês; 5 anos e 2 meses- 5 anos e 8 meses; 5 anos e 9 meses – 6 anos e 3 meses). As crianças foram testadas com uma bateria de seis provas de consciência fonológica e sujeitas a uma entrevista para apreciar as suas conceptualizações de escrita. O teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven foi aplicado de forma a ser usado como controle na análise de regressão. Os resultados demonstram que existe um crescente desenvolvimento fonológico de acordo com a idade das crianças, mas que a maior parte das crianças ainda não vai além do nível pré-silábico, no que respeita às conceptualizações de escrita. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a consciência fonológica e os níveis de conceptualização sobre a escrita. A hipótese de que a criança desenvolve conceitos de escrita como consequência da sua consciência fonológica não é suportada por este estudo. A falta de correlações significativas sugere que a consciência fonológica não deve ser vista como resultado do desenvolvimento de conceitos de escrita. É possível que a consciência fonológica seja uma condição necessária, mas não suficiente para o desenvolvimento das conceptualizações de escrita silábicas, e consequentemente alfabéticas nas crianças

Microwave and ultrasound pre-treatments for ‘Rocha’ Pear: impact on drying kinetics and selected quality attributes

Rocha’pear (Pyruscommunis L.) is the main cultivar produced in Portugal, and is classified as protected designation of origin (PDO).This pear fruit is characterized by its own typical and specific properties, such as pleasant flavor, crispness and also sweetness.Pears are rich in polyphenols with strong antioxidant activity,offering health promoting benefits. In order to extend its shelf life and increase availability along the year, drying processes are widely applied as a good alternative method for fruits preservation. Drying is used to improve food stability, decrease moisture content and microbial activity, and minimize physico-chemical changes during storage. However, drying process conditions (i.e. air temperature, time, and velocity) usually may lead to food quality degradation in terms of physico-chemical and nutritional attributes. In this context, drying combined with pre-treatments have been proposed in order to reduce the drying impact on products quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of microwave and ultrasound pre-treatments on ‘Rocha’ pear drying kinetics and quality attributes (water activity, color, shrinkage, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and texture and rehydration behavior of dried slabs).Three different samples were compared: a) Control, b) Microwave Pre-treatment (1540 MW, 4 min) (MW), and c) Ultrasound Pre-treatment (35 kHz, 10 min, 25°C) (US). Drying experiments were conducted on pear slabs (thickness and diameter of 6 and 38 mm, respectively) in a tray dryer with an air temperature of 60°C and a fixed velocity of 0.75 m/s. Pear samples pre-treated with MW had shorter drying time than control and ultrasound treated ones.Pear samples pre-treated with US showed the lowest colour changes and shrinkage, higher total phenolics and antioxidant activity, the highest rehydration capacity, and similar drying time to the control. This study contributes with information for the development of new drying pre-treatment conditions of ‘Rocha” pear fruits, as an alternative to traditional drying in an industrial context.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Microwave and ultrasound pre-treatments for drying of the “Rocha” Pear: impact on phytochemical parameters, color changes and drying kinetics

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and innovative pre-treatments (i.e., microwave and ultrasound) on “Rocha” pear drying behavior and quality characteristics, such as color, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Experiments were carried out with pear slabs subjected to microwaves (2450 MHz, 539 W, 4 min, microwave oven) and ultrasounds (35 kHz, 10 min, in an ultrasonic bath) as well as control samples. The drying process was conducted in a tray dryer at three different temperatures (50, 55 and 60 °C) and a fixed air velocity of 0.75 m/s. Microwave technology resulted in a higher quality deterioration in dried pear samples compared to those of controls and ultrasound pre-treated samples. The combined application of ultrasound pre-treatment and the higher drying temperature of 60 °C was characterized by the lowest color changes (ΔE = 3.86 ± 0.23) and higher preservation of nutritional parameters (total phenolic content, TPC = 345.60 ± 8.99; and antioxidant activity, EC50 = 8.80 ± 0.34). The drying characteristics of pear fruits were also analyzed by taking into account empirical models, with the Page model presenting the best prediction of the drying behavior. In conclusion, ultrasound application is a promising technology to obtain healthy/nutritious dried “Rocha” pear snacks as dietary sources for consumers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

PReSaMe: Projeto Respostas em Saúde Mental: Plataforma Supraconcelhia Alentejo Litoral

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Small molecule fisetin modulates alpha-Synuclein aggregation

Funding Information: iNOVA4Health Research Unit (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007344), which is co-funded by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (FCT)/Minist?rio da Ci?ncia e do Ensino Superior, through national funds, and by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement, is acknowledged. Authors would like to acknowledge FCT for financial support of RR (SFRH/BD/116597/2016). JP, RR, GG, and CNS acknowledges funding via BacHBerry (Project No. FP7-613793; www.bachberry.eu). RM is funded by FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus Contract CEEC/04567/CBIOS/2020. TFO was supported by the DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) and is currently supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany?s Excellence Strategy?EXC 2067/1-390729940. It is also acknowledged the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union?s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 804229. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Phenolic compounds are thought to be important to prevent neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder known for its typical motor features, the deposition of α-synuclein (αsyn)-positive inclusions in the brain, and for concomitant cellular pathologies that include oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neuroprotective activity of fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, was evaluated against main hallmarks of PD in relevant cellular models. At physiologically relevant concentrations, fisetin protected SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress overtaken by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and against methyl-4-phenylpyridinuim (MPP+)-induced toxicity in dopaminergic neurons, the differentiated Lund human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells. In this cellular model, fisetin promotes the increase of the levels of dopamine transporter. Remarkably, fisetin reduced the percentage of cells containing αsyn inclusions as well as their size and subcellular localization in a yeast model of αsyn aggregation. Overall, our data show that fisetin exerts modulatory activities toward common cellular pathologies present in PD; remarkably, it modulates αsyn aggregation, supporting the idea that diets rich in this compound may prove beneficial.publishersversionpublishe

Cysteine Boosts Fitness Under Hypoxia-Mimicked Conditions in Ovarian Cancer by Metabolic Reprogramming

Funding Information: Funding. This research was supported by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (FCT) (Ph.D. ProRegeM program, Ref: PD/BD/105893/2014; FCT individual Ph.D. fellowship Ref: 2020.06956.BD) and iNOVA4 Health (Project 4 and Project 21). iNOVA4Health-UID/Multi/04462/2013 is a program financially supported by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia/ Minist?rio da Educa??o e Ci?ncia, through national funds. The authors would like to acknowledge the Instituto Portugu?s de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG) for partially funding the project. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2021 Nunes, Ramos, Santos, Mendes, Silva, Vicente, Pereira, Félix, Gonçalves and Serpa.Among gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer is the third most prevalent and the most common cause of death, especially due to diagnosis at an advanced stage together with resistance to therapy. As a solid tumor grows, cancer cells in the microenvironment are exposed to regions of hypoxia, a selective pressure prompting tumor progression and chemoresistance. We have previously shown that cysteine contributes to the adaptation to this hypoxic microenvironment, but the mechanisms by which cysteine protects ovarian cancer cells from hypoxia-induced death are still to be unveiled. Herein, we hypothesized that cysteine contribution relies on cellular metabolism reprogramming and energy production, being cysteine itself a metabolic source. Our results strongly supported a role of xCT symporter in energy production that requires cysteine metabolism instead of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) per se. Cysteine degradation depends on the action of the H2S-synthesizing enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and/or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MpST; together with cysteine aminotransferase, CAT). In normoxia, CBS and CSE inhibition had a mild impact on cysteine-sustained ATP production, pointing out the relevance of CAT + MpST pathway. However, in hypoxia, the concomitant inhibition of CBS and CSE had a stronger impact on ATP synthesis, thus also supporting a role of their hydrogen sulfide and/or cysteine persulfide-synthesizing activity in this stressful condition. However, the relative contributions of each of these enzymes (CBS/CSE/MpST) on cysteine-derived ATP synthesis under hypoxia remains unclear, due to the lack of specific inhibitors. Strikingly, NMR analysis strongly supported a role of cysteine in the whole cellular metabolism rewiring under hypoxia. Additionally, the use of cysteine to supply biosynthesis and bioenergetics was reinforced, bringing cysteine to the plateau of a main carbon sources in cancer. Collectively, this work supports that sulfur and carbon metabolism reprogramming underlies the adaptation to hypoxic microenvironment promoted by cysteine in ovarian cancer.publishersversionpublishe

A pilot study combining ultrafiltration with ozonation for the treatment of secondary urban wastewater: organic micropollutants, microbial load and biological effects

Ozonation followed by ultrafiltration (O3 + UF) was employed at pilot scale for the treatment of secondary urban wastewater, envisaging its safe reuse for crop irrigation. Chemical contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and priority substances (PSs), microbial load, estrogenic activity, cell viability and cellular metabolic activity were measured before and immediately after O3 + UF treatment. The microbial load was also evaluated after one-week storage of the treated water to assess potential bacteria regrowth. Among the organic micropollutants detected, only citalopram and isoproturon were not removed below the limit of quantification. The treatment was also effective in the reduction in the bacterial loads considering current legislation in water quality for irrigation (i.e., in terms of enterobacteria and nematode eggs). However, after seven days of storage, total heterotrophs regrew to levels close to the initial, with the concomitant increase in the genes 16S rRNA and intI1. The assessment of biological effects revealed similar water quality before and after treatment, meaning that O3 + UF did not produce detectable toxic by-products. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that the wastewater treated with this technology comply with the water quality standards for irrigation, even when stored up to one week, although improvements must be made to minimise microbial overgrowth.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Efetividade das Vacinas contra COVID-19 nos Militares da Marinha Portuguesa

Autores: Equipa do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge: Ausenda Machado, Irina Kislaya, Verónica Gómez. Equipa da Marinha Portuguesa: CFR EN-AEL Pedro Luís Araújo Costa; CTEN MN Sílvia Silva; CTEN TSN-EIO Rui Gonçalves Deus; 2TEN TS Luís Miguel Nunes Ramos; 2TEN MN Ludovico Emanuel Ferreira e Ferreira; STEN TSN (EIO) Laura Pinguicha Ferreira; ASPOF TN (EIO) Inês Coelho.Enquadramento e objetivos: No âmbito da campanha de vacinação para controlar a pandemia da COVID-19, importou medir o efeito da vacinação contra a COVID-19, em condições reais. Os Militares da Marinha Portuguesa, devido às suas funções de defesa e apoio à população no âmbito da pandemia, foram considerados população em elevado risco de exposição, tendo sido elegíveis para vacinação a partir de dezembro de 2020. A toma da dose de reforço teve início em novembro de 2021. Através de dados de registos eletrónicos de saúde da Marinha Portuguesa, este estudo pretendeu estimar a efetividade da vacina contra a infeção por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada laboratorialmente, globalmente e por tempo desde conclusão do esquema primário de vacinação e dose de reforço, nos Militares da Marinha Portuguesa. Métodos: Foi estabelecida uma coorte retrospetiva com a duração de 20 meses (dezembro de 2020 a junho de 2022), de militares no ativo e da reserva da Marinha Portuguesa, elegíveis para vacinação contra COVID-19 que consentiram participar neste estudo. O convite foi feito por e-mail e o consentimento foi obtido para ligar dados eletrónicos de saúde e de vacinação dos registos da Marinha Portuguesa. O estado vacinal foi definido como parâmetro variável no tempo e os participantes foram considerados como vacinados com vacinação primária completa se receberam uma dose de Janssen ou duas doses de qualquer combinação de Comirnaty, Moderna ou Astrazeneca, há pelo menos 14 dias. A toma de dose de reforço foi, também, considerada. Foi utilizada a regressão de Cox com dependência temporal para cada outcome e grupo em análise. A efetividade foi estimada através de 100%*(1-hazard ratio), ajustada para idade, sexo e presença de doença crónica. Resultados: Um total de 860 militares da Marinha Portuguesa aceitou participar no estudo. Destes, 83,6% eram do sexo masculino, com idade compreendida entre os 21 e os 63 anos de idade, sendo que 31,6% tinham pelo menos uma doença crónica. De entre os militares vacinados, 38,7% foram inoculados com a vacina Comirnaty, 33,0% com AstraZeneca, 24,5% com Janssen e 3,8% com Moderna. A efetividade geral do esquema de vacinação primária completo foi de 54,0% (-5,7 a 79,9) após 14 dias da toma da última dose. Esta estimativa foi de 73% (16,5 a 90,1), 14 a 97 dias após a conclusão do esquema de vacinação primário e um efeito decrescente foi observado entre 98 a 181 dias e 182+ dias após conclusão de esquema de vacinação primária: 47,6% (-43,5 a 80,9) e 37,8% (-60,4 a 75,9), respetivamente. A efetividade geral, 14 dias após esquema primário completo e dose de reforço foi de 21,4% (-84,7 a 66,5). Conclusão: Em relação às estimativas globais da efetividade da vacina contra SARS-CoV-2 confirmado laboratorialmente, de acordo com o tempo desde a vacinação completa, observamos um efeito decrescente, semelhante à população em geral. Esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela dada a alta incerteza das estimativas.info:eu-repo/semantics/draf