Case report: Urbanized non-human primates as sentinels for human zoonotic diseases: a case of acute fatal toxoplasmosis in a free-ranging marmoset in coinfection with yellow fever virus

Free-ranging non-human primates (NHP) can live in anthropized areas or urban environments in close contact with human populations. This condition can enable the emergence and transmission of high-impact zoonotic pathogens. For the first time, we detected a coinfection of the yellow fever (YF) virus with Toxoplasma gondii in a free-ranging NHP in a highly urbanized area of a metropolis in Brazil. Specifically, we observed this coinfection in a black-tufted marmoset found dead and taken for a necropsy by the local health surveillance service. After conducting an epidemiological investigation, characterizing the pathological features, and performing molecular assays, we confirmed that the marmoset developed an acute fatal infection caused by T. gondii in coinfection with a new YF virus South American-1 sub-lineage. As a result, we have raised concerns about the public health implications of these findings and discussed the importance of diagnosis and surveillance of zoonotic agents in urbanized NHPs. As competent hosts of zoonotic diseases such as YF and environmental sentinels for toxoplasmosis, NHPs play a crucial role in the One Health framework to predict and prevent the emergence of dangerous human pathogens

CropPol: a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination

Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e. berry weight, number of fruits and kg per hectare, among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), Northern America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001-05 (21 studies), 2006-10 (40), 2011-15 (88), and 2016-20 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Hepato-pathological hallmarks for the surveillance of Yellow Fever in South American non-human primates

University of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, Brazil / Brazilian Ministry of Health. Brasilia, DF, BrazilBrazilian Ministry of Health. Brasilia, DF, BrazilBrazilian Ministry of Health. Brasilia, DF, BrazilBrazilian Ministry of Health. Brasilia, DF, BrazilThe University of Sydney. Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversidade do Estado do Pará. Belém, PA, BrazilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilUniversidade do Estado do Pará. Belém, PA, BrazilUniversity of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, Brazil / University of Brasília. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory. Brasília, DF, BrazilUniversity of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, Brazil / University of Brasília. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory. Brasília, DF, BrazilUniversity of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, Brazil / University of Brasília. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory. Brasília, DF, BrazilUniversity of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniversity of Brasília. Graduate Program in Animal Science. Brasilia, DF, Brazil / University of Brasília. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory. Brasília, DF, BrazilThe early detection and diagnosis of deaths in free-ranging non-human primates (NHPs) are key points for the surveillance of Yellow Fever (YF) in Brazil. The histopathological identification of infectious diseases remains very useful and reliable in the screening and detection of emerging zoonotic diseases such as YF. We surveyed data records and liver slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin from the Epizootics Surveillance Network to control YF, Ministry of Health of Brazil, to evaluate histopathological hallmarks for the diagnosis of the YF virus infection. We selected natural fatal cases in NHPs from the genera Alouatta spp., Callithrix spp., and Sapajus spp. with a positive immunohistochemical assay for YF in liver samples. Our findings showed the full-spectrum YF-associated hepatic lesions in all NHPs, but some histopathological findings differed in the distribution and intensity between the three genera. In our study, South American NHPs showed significant differences in the YF-associated hepatic histopathological features compared to fatal cases reported in humans

Genome-wide study of the defective sucrose fermenter strain of Vibrio cholerae from the Latin American cholera epidemic.

Contains fulltext : 108030.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The 7th cholera pandemic reached Latin America in 1991, spreading from Peru to virtually all Latin American countries. During the late epidemic period, a strain that failed to ferment sucrose dominated cholera outbreaks in the Northern Brazilian Amazon region. In order to understand the genomic characteristics and the determinants of this altered sucrose fermenting phenotype, the genome of the strain IEC224 was sequenced. This paper reports a broad genomic study of this strain, showing its correlation with the major epidemic lineage. The potentially mobile genomic regions are shown to possess GC content deviation, and harbor the main V. cholera virulence genes. A novel bioinformatic approach was applied in order to identify the putative functions of hypothetical proteins, and was compared with the automatic annotation by RAST. The genome of a large bacteriophage was found to be integrated to the IEC224's alanine aminopeptidase gene. The presence of this phage is shown to be a common characteristic of the El Tor strains from the Latin American epidemic, as well as its putative ancestor from Angola. The defective sucrose fermenting phenotype is shown to be due to a single nucleotide insertion in the V. cholerae sucrose-specific transportation gene. This frame-shift mutation truncated a membrane protein, altering its structural pore-like conformation. Further, the identification of a common bacteriophage reinforces both the monophyletic and African-Origin hypotheses for the main causative agent of the 1991 Latin America cholera epidemics

Características funcionais de folhas de sol e sombra de espécies arbóreas em uma mata de galeria no Distrito Federal, Brasil Leaf functional traits in sun and shade leaves of gallery forest trees in Distrito Federal, Brazil

As matas de galeria são formações florestais que ocupam cerca de 10% da área dos cerrados e representam 1/3 da diversidade de espécies arbóreas ali encontradas. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a importância dessas florestas em regiões do Brasil central, mas pouco se sabe sobre a fisiologia e plasticidade de espécies de mata de galeria em relação a variantes ambientais, como a irradiação solar. No presente estudo, foram comparados in situ aspectos fisiológicos e nutricionais de folhas de sol e sombra, em dez espécies arbóreas comumente encontradas em matas de galeria. Folhas de sol apresentaram maiores valores de assimilação de CO2 em base de área (Aarea), condutância estomática (gs), rendimento quântico do fotossistema II (&#934;FSII) e uma maior fração de centros de reação abertos (qL), enquanto folhas de sombra apresentaram uma maior área foliar específica. Diferenças não foram encontradas para potencial hídrico foliar, assimilação de CO2 em base de massa e para a concentração foliar de macronutrientes. Dos atributos foliares analisados, a abertura estomática e o rendimento quântico do fotossistema II foram os principais fatores atuantes na Aarea em folhas de sol, enquanto em folhas de sombra apenas &#934;FSII foi influente. As diferenças encontradas demonstram que, assim como em outras formações florestais, em mata de galeria as espécies arbóreas possuem a capacidade de se aclimatarem às condições contrastantes de sombreamento que ocorrem neste tipo de ambiente.<br>Gallery forest is a forest formation that covers about 10% of the cerrado biome and represents about 1/3 of cerrado tree diversity in Brazil. Recent studies demonstrate the importance of gallery forest in central regions of Brazil, but little is known about the physiology and plasticity of gallery forest species in relation to environmental variability, particularly in terms of light availability. In this study we compared in situ physiological and nutritional aspects of shade and sun leaves, in ten tree species commonly found in gallery forests. Relative to shade leaves, sun leaves had higher values of CO2 assimilation rates on an area basis (Aarea), of stomatal conductance (gs), of quantum yield of Photosystem II (&#934;PSIIL); and a larger fraction of PSII centers in the open state (qL), while shade leaves showed higher specific leaf area. However, shade and sun leaves did not differ in terms of leaf water potential, CO2 assimilation on a mass basis and in leaf concentrations of macronutrients. &#934;PSII and gs were the main factors that influenced Aarea in sun leaves, while only &#934;PSII significantly affected Aarea of shade leaves. The differences found here demonstrate that, like in other forest formations worldwide, gallery forest trees are able to acclimate to contrasting irradiance levels that typically occur in this type of environment

A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production.

Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society