Quantum-Dash semiconductor laser characterization using continuous tuning optical swept source

Device characterization of Quantum-Dash semiconductor mode-locked laser using a continuous tuning swept source is presented. This technique is linear, simple and does not require any prior information about the signal under test

Global Carbon Budget 2022

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO$_2$ emissions (E$_{FOS}$) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E$_{LUC}$), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO$_2$ concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G$_{ATM}$) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO$_2$ sink (S$_{OCEAN}$) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO$_2$ sink (S$_{LAND}$) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B$_{IM}$), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2021, E$_{FOS}$ increased by 5.1 % relative to 2020, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr$^{−1}$ (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr$^{−1}$ when the cement carbonation sink is included), and E$_{LUC}$ was 1.1 ± 0.7 GtC yr$^{−1}$, for a total anthropogenic CO$_2$ emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr$^{−1}$ (40.0 ± 2.9 GtCO$_2$). Also, for 2021, G$_{ATM}$ was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtC yr$^{−1}$ (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr$^{−1}$), S$_{OCEAN}$ was 2.9  ± 0.4 GtC yr$^{−1}$, and S$_{LAND}$ was 3.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr$^{−1}$, with a B$_{IM}$ of −0.6 GtC yr$^{−1}$ (i.e. the total estimated sources were too low or sinks were too high). The global atmospheric CO$_2$ concentration averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2022 suggest an increase in E$_{FOS}$ relative to 2021 of +1.0 % (0.1 % to 1.9 %) globally and atmospheric CO$_2$ concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 % above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr$^{−1}$ persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO$_2$ fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO$_2$ flux in the northern extratropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b)

Liquid coating from a surfactant solution

A solid drawn out of a pure wetting liquid comes out coated with a layer of liquid, of thickness given by the Landau equation (for small coating velocities). If the solid is drawn from a solution containing surfactants, we show that the film is thicker than predicted by Landau: when drawing the solid, a gradient of surface concentration appears, provoking a Marangoni flow and thus a thickening of the film. The thickening factor we measure is found to reflect a balance between convection (responsible for the gradient) and absorption from the volume (which tends to erase the gradient)

Rectangular waveguide-to-CPW transition without air-bridge in the Ka-band

International audienceThe proposed waveguide-to-CPW transition is uniplanar, in line with the waveguide, and without air-bridge. Composed of a finline taper and a circular phase-shifter, it presents in simulation an insertion loss and a return loss better than 0.63 and 16.8 dB between 27 and 31 GHz. Measurements of the back-to-back structure are presented. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Impact of a realistic river routing in coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate

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Effectiveness study of sensor based on modified cavity microelectrode by Algerian humic acid-polyaniline composites using square wave voltammetry

International audienceThe response and efficiency of a new sensor based on cavity microelectrode (CME) modified with Algerian humic acid-polyaniline emeraldine base composites (HA-PEB) towards concentration of nickel and cadmium has been studied by square wave voltammetry technique (SWV). The developed mechanism is based on the electrochemical reduction of metal to CME modified with HA-PEB for different metal concentrations. The electrochemical study was performed in H2SO4 (0.5 mol/L) at room temperature in the potential range between −0.15 and −0.5 V towards saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The obtained results show that the CME modified with HA-PEB composites responds sensitively to variation of Ni2+ and Cd2+ concentrations, whatever the nature of humic acid. The measurements performed using CME modified with Yakouren humic acid (YHA)-PEB and Tamanrasset humic acid (THA)-PEB gave better sensitivity and good linearity of current versus metal concentration. The application of the sensor to detect heavy metals in water of the Sebaou River (Kabylia, Algeria) revealed that the CME modified with PEB does not detect different metals, while the sensor based on CME-HA-PEB has the ability to detect the presence of more metals in river water. Finally, it can be concluded that HA extracted from Algerian soils play an important role in the effectiveness of the sensor based on cavity microelectrode

Cardiac nonamyloidotic immunoglobulin deposition disease.

Cardiac nonamyloidotic immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition disease (CIDD) is a rare disorder characterized by Ig deposition in the myocardium associated with plasma cell dyscrasias. A retrospective review of cardiac biopsies performed at two different institutions identified eight patients with CIDD. All patients had plasma cell dyscrasias with monoclonal gammopathy. Three had IgG lambda, two had IgG kappa, one had IgD kappa and one each had free kappa and free lambda light chain. Four patients had concurrent amyloidosis involving other organs. One had amyloidosis of kidney alone, one had amyloidosis of kidney and abdominal fat pad and two others had amyloidosis of bone marrow vasculature. Three patients had dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. None of the patients had symptoms of heart failure. Six patients had echocardiographically demonstrable concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with diastolic dysfunction. Two patients had significant cardiac arrhythmias requiring medical intervention. On endomyocardial biopsy, all eight had normal appearing myocardium on light microscopy with negative Congo Red and Thioflavin T stains. On immunofluorescent staining of the cardiac biopsies, all eight stained positive for interstitial Ig deposition. Electron microscopy (EM) confirmed the presence of granular deposits of Igs in the myocardium in five of the eight patients. EM studies were not available in one patient and two others had normal EM studies. In conclusion, CIDD should be considered in the spectrum of cardiovascular pathology in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. They often, but not always, have left ventricular hypertrophy. These patients may be at risk for developing arrhythmias as well as diastolic dysfunction. Unless immunofluorescent and EM studies are performed routinely in biopsy material, this entity may be missed in the absence of amyloidosis. Concurrent amyloidosis in other organs sheds a unique perspective into the role of local microenvironment in the pathogenesis of systemic Ig deposition disease and amyloidosis