Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015 : A modelling study

Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Elsevier LtdBackground The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of—and expansion on—the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64–103) viraemic infections in 2013. Methods We developed country-level disease burden models following a systematic review of HCV prevalence (number of studies, n=6754) and genotype (n=11 342) studies published after 2013. A Delphi process was used to gain country expert consensus and validate inputs. Published estimates alone were used for countries where expert panel meetings could not be scheduled. Global prevalence was estimated using regional averages for countries without data. Findings Models were built for 100 countries, 59 of which were approved by country experts, with the remaining 41 estimated using published data alone. The remaining countries had insufficient data to create a model. The global prevalence of viraemic HCV is estimated to be 1·0% (95% uncertainty interval 0·8–1·1) in 2015, corresponding to 71·1 million (62·5–79·4) viraemic infections. Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively). Interpretation The global estimate of viraemic infections is lower than previous estimates, largely due to more recent (lower) prevalence estimates in Africa. Additionally, increased mortality due to liver-related causes and an ageing population may have contributed to a reduction in infections. Funding John C Martin Foundation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

The role of feed-in tariffs in emission mitigation: Turkish case

The aim of this paper is to present the role of Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) on GHG emission reduction in Turkey. Due to insufficient installed capacity, Turkey can only utilize 27% of its total economically viable renewable energy potential. To increase the share of the renewables, utilization of these sources has become a top priority in the overall energy agenda. Thus, new regulations and policies are introduced. These policies are expected to serve to increase installed capacities of renewable energy power plants, and reduce the CO2 emissions intensities. Feed-in-Tariffs is considered as a promising policy to increase share of renewable energy and reduction of CO2. However, the CO2 emission intensity in electricity generation has not changed after the FiTs were launched, indicating that additional policies, possibly including a revision of the current renewable energy support mechanism regime, should be reconsidered

Differentiation of developed and developing countries for the Paris Agreement

The differentiation of developed and developing countries is a critical challenge during operationalization of the Paris Agreement. The Agreement has been prepared and established under the clear guidance of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The motivation through constructing a new agreement is to include all countries for combatting climate change. Unlike the UNFCCC, the agreement is not referring to Annex-I, non-Annex or any specific country groups. Therefore, before the Agreement starts implementation in 2020, highlights as developed and developing countries in the agreement require a new definition and criteria. In this paper, we rank countries based on differentiation proposals for classification of developed and developing countries particularly on mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by using data from the world's top 50 emitters. The findings suggest that classifications based on the Annex system of the UNFCCC do not give a clear reference point to define developed and developing countries. Keywords: Paris Agreement, Differentiation, UNFCC

Developing CBDR-RC indices for fair allocation of emission reduction responsibilities and capabilities across countries

The aim of this paper is to develop two indices for quantifying common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) and respective capabilities (RC) of countries in mitigating climate change. These composite indices can help facilitate fair allocation of GHG emission reduction responsibilities across countries. Indices are formulated by taking into account the economic, environmental, social, and technical indicators of a given country. These indicators are usually highly correlated. An index using these indicators must take this high correlation into account, otherwise it will either over or underestimate the responsibility and the capability of a country. This study takes the correlation between the indicators into account in developing the CBDR and RC indices via the principal components method. However, the novelty of this study arises from measuring and using economic, social, technical, and environmental indicators together in creating the composite indices. The CBDR and RC are constructed for 50 countries that are responsible for at least 81% of global GHG emissions, including OECD countries and emerging economies. The Cluster Analyses are employed to classify the countries according to their CBDR and RC scores. The results suggest revision of current responsibility and capability classifications of the UNFCCC

ÖĞRENME YÖNTEMLERİNİN FUTBOLA UYGULANMASI ÜZERİNE BİR DENEME

ÖĞRENME YÖNTEMLERİNİN FUTBOLA UYGULANMASI ÜZERİNE BİR DENEM

A Study on the Mothers of Roma Children Who Are a Risk Group

This study aims to define Roma mothers’ views regarding their children’s education and their tendency towards crime. The study is based on an illustrative case study method. The participants of this study are mothers of Roma children between the ages of 4 and 6 who live in Konya, Turkey — more specifically in the Yenimahalle neighborhood in the town of Karatay and who do not attend any preschool programs. As a data collection tool, a questionnaire prepared by the researchers is employed, while in data analysis, descriptive analysis is used. The Roma mothers articulated that they want their children to have education and jobs; that they do not want their children to suffer in the same way they did; that the Roma culture prevents children’s education and therefore the mothers prefer to send their children to private schools, boarding schools or to schools far away from their neighborhoods by taking school buses; that they want their children to be judges, lawyers, nurses and teachers. The mothers stated that they meet the basic needs of their children; that they watch TV together and/or do housework together with their children. They also said that when their children commit a crime, they beat their children; they get angry with them and scold and/or complain to their fathers. They finally added that they can take measures for the children’s not committing a crime by talking to the children or by scolding them. Additionally, Roma mothers state that by taking the case to the fathers they can prevent their children from committing crimes

ADAPTATION OF A TEST IN TURKISH ABOUT EVALUATION OF THE SIX YEAR OLD CHILDREN’S EMOTIONAL SKILLS: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Bu araştırmanın amacı Schultz ve Izard (1998) tarafından geliştirilen altı yaş çocuklarının Duygusal Becerilerinin Değerlendirilmesi Testi’nin (duyguları tanıma, anlama ve ifade etme) Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğüne bağlı 4 resmi ve 1 özel ilköğretim bünyesinde anasınıfı ile bir özel anaokuluna devam eden 6 yaş grubu 111 anasınıfı öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Testin geçerlik çalışmalarında yapı geçerliği; güvenirlik çalışmalarında ise KR 20 güvenirlik metodu, madde analizi, testi yarılama, madde güçlüğü, madde ayırt ediciliği ile alt ve üst %27 arasındaki farkın anlamlılığı testleri kullanılmıştır. Duygusal becerileri değerlendirme testi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması sonucu toplam 6 madde testten çıkarılmıştır. Testin son halinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları incelendiğinde 6 yaş çocuklarının duygusal becerilerini ölçmede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür