Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine-resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

BACKGROUND The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest. RESULTS Values of the lethal time to kill 99.9% (LT99.9, in days) of mixed-age populations, containing all life stages, of a susceptible and a strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population were established at three phosphine concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that phosphine concentration and temperature both contributed significantly to the LT99.9 of a population (P < 0.003, R2 = 0.92), with concentration being the dominant variable, accounting for 75.9% of the variation. Across all concentrations, LT99.9 of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population was longest at the lowest temperature and shortest at the highest temperature. For example, 1.0 mg L−1 of phosphine is required for 20, 15 and 15 days, 1.5 mg L−1 for 12, 11 and 9 days and 2.0 mg L−1 for 10, 7 and 6 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest. CONCLUSION The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears. © 2014 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industr

Chemistry and insecticidal potential of bay leaf essential oil against stored grain pest of wheat

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study chemistry and insecticidal activity of bay leaf oil, its fractions and isolated compounds against stored grain pest of wheat i.e.Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Bay leaf essential oil extracted from dried and powdered bay leaves was subjected to column chromatography to have its fractions. Extensive column chromatography of polar fraction yielded Eugenol and 7, 7 Dimethyl-3-methylene bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-4-ol which were identified by spectroscopic techniques. Bay leaf oil was tested for its insecticidal activity at five different concentrations in the range 4-12 mg g-1respectively against F1 generation of red rust flour beetle adults. Maximum inhibition was observed at 12 mg g-1concentration. The activity was both time and concentration dependent. The fractions of bay leaf essential oil and the compounds isolated were tested at 4mg g-1 concentration. Polar fraction was found to be more active as compared to nonpolar fraction as 100 and 53.1% mortality was obtained on 30th day for polar and nonpolar fractions, respectively. Comparison of eugenol and 7, 7 Dimethyl-3-methylene bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-4-ol showed complete mortality on 33rd and 35thday respectively , which revealed that adults of T. castaneum were more susceptible to eugenol.The results indicated that bay leaf essential oil may have potential to control stored grain pest, T. castaneum

Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine-resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

BACKGROUND The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest. RESULTS Values of the lethal time to kill 99.9% (LT99.9, in days) of mixed-age populations, containing all life stages, of a susceptible and a strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population were established at three phosphine concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that phosphine concentration and temperature both contributed significantly to the LT99.9 of a population (P < 0.003, R2 = 0.92), with concentration being the dominant variable, accounting for 75.9% of the variation. Across all concentrations, LT99.9 of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population was longest at the lowest temperature and shortest at the highest temperature. For example, 1.0 mg L−1 of phosphine is required for 20, 15 and 15 days, 1.5 mg L−1 for 12, 11 and 9 days and 2.0 mg L−1 for 10, 7 and 6 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest. CONCLUSION The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears. © 2014 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industr

q-deformed dynamics and Josephson junction

We define a generalized rate equation for an observable in quantum mechanics, that involves a parameter q and whose limit $q\to 1$ gives the standard Heisenberg equation. The generalized rate equation is used to study dynamics of current biased Josephson junction. It is observed that this toy model incorporates diffraction like effects in the critical current. Physical interpretation for q is provided which is also shown to be q-deformation parameter.Comment: LaTeX 9 pages, submitted Mod. Phys. Lett. B, e-mail: [email protected]

Potential of Inula racemosa root extract and its fractions to suppress root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Nematicidal potential of chloroform root extract of Inula racemosa and its fractions was investigated on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Egg masses and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were exposed to different concentrations (0.1-8.0 mg ml-1) of I. racemosa root extract and its fractions. Observations on egg hatch were recorded on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day and those of mortality studies were recorded on 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day, respectively. Significant mortality as well as egg hatch inhibition was observed for all the tested components at 5 %. The root extract was found to be most effective in controlling egg hatching as complete inhibition was observed at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 1stday of treatment and nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality of J2 of M. incognita as 100 % inhibition was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 2nd day of treatment. Maximum inhibition of egg hatching was observed for root extract at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration and 100 % mortality was observed for root extract as well as nonpolar fraction at the same concentration. The nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality as maximum mortality was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration throughout the exposure time. Polar fraction was least effective among all the components both in egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality of M. incognita. Both the activities showed concentrations as well as time dependence. Results show different role of tested components on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode. The root extract of I. racemosa and its fractions showed a potential to develop new nematicide

Oral health literacy among clients visiting a Rural Dental College in north India- A crosssectional study

BACKGROUND: Limited health literacy among adults is one of the many barriers to better oral health outcomes. It is not uncommon to find people who consider understanding oral health information a challenge. Therefore, the present study assessed oral health literacy among clients visiting Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 participants who visited the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital for a period of two months (Nov-Dec, 2013). A questionnaire was given to each of the participants. Oral health literacy wasgraded on a 12-point Likert scale based on the total score. Oral Health Literacy of the participants was assessed as low, medium and high on the basis of responses. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-15 statistical package. ANOVA and Student t-test were used to do comparisons between groups.RESULTS: Low oral health literacy scores were reported in 60.2% (271) participants. More than 60% of the study participants had knowledge about dental terms such as ‘dental caries,’ and ‘oral cancer.’ Only 22% of the graduates had a high literacy score. Mean oral health literacy score  according to educational qualification was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in terms of age and gender (p&gt;0.05).CONCLUSION: The majority of the participants had low literacy scores. There is a need to address these problems especially among rural population by health care providers and the government.KEYWORDS: Oral health, literacy, clients, knowledge, educatio

A Study on Customer Perception towards Hike in Prices of Online Food Delivery Channels

Online Food Delivery channels have emerged in recent years which have made all the customers almost their slaves across India as most of us heavily rely upon them. At a lesser cost, these help us to order our food items with a wide variety of choice. When it comes to cost, Delivery charges play a major important factor in determining the price of different items through different online food channels.Customers as well as business houses now a days have a contemporary perception of delivery charges associated with such products and services available in the market This research paper explains the customer perception towards their ordering capacity when delivery charges are taken into consideration by them and more often are possibly changed by these food delivery partners. To study the customer perception, a sample size of 106 respondents was chosen and the data collected from such respondents was analyzed using Cross Tabulation and Chi Square Tests. It was elucidated from the analysis that for most of the customers delivery charges influences their capacity to order and most of the times customers have changed their mind to order online food when delivery charges are considerably high

Ball Comparison between Three Sixth Order Methods for Banach Space Valued Operators

Three methods of sixth order convergence are tackled for approximating the solution of an equation defined on the finitely dimensional Euclidean space. This convergence requires the existence of derivatives of, at least, order seven. However, only derivatives of order one are involved in such methods. Moreover, we have no estimates on the error distances, conclusions about the uniqueness of the solution in any domain, and the convergence domain is not sufficiently large. Hence, these methods have limited usage. This paper introduces a new technique on a general Banach space setting based only the first derivative and Lipschitz type conditions that allow the study of the convergence. In addition, we find usable error distances as well as uniqueness of the solution. A comparison between the convergence balls of three methods, not possible to drive with the previous approaches, is also given. The technique is possible to use with methods available in literature improving, consequently, their applicability. Several numerical examples compare these methods and illustrate the convergence criteria.This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, under Grant No. D-540-130-1441. The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Teneligliptin: a review on cardio-renal safety

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various drugs including DPP4 inhibitors with different pharmacologic profile are being used in patients with type 2 diabetes for improving glycaemic control. Cardiovascular (CV) safety is one of the important aspects while selecting the glucose lowering therapies. In addition, DPP-4 inhibitors differ in their mode of excretion and degree of accumulation, which require dose/frequency modification in patients with impaired renal function. Therefore, understanding the cardio-renal safety profile of DPP4 inhibitors is of great importance. Teneligliptin is a DPP4 inhibitor, approved recently for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present review is to integrate published literature and evaluate the cardio-renal safety of teneligliptin in type 2 diabetic patients. As per the available evidence, teneligliptin has apparently positive effects on CV safety markers like no QT prolongation at clinically relevant dose, small but significant improvement in left ventricular (LV) function, improvement in adiponectin levels and improvement in endothelial dysfunction. These findings support the cardiovascular safety of teneligliptin in T2DM patients. Dual route of excretion makes teneligliptin suitable (no dose adjustment required) for T2DM patients with renal failure. Available clinical evidence suggests that teneligliptin exerts cardiovascular safety in T2DM patients. This drug can be used in T2DM patients with CKD including end stage renal disease patients without any major safety concern