Size matters: Physiological sensitivity of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus to seasonal cooling and deoxygenation upwelling-driven events

Environment imposes physiological constraints which are life-stage specific as growth-maintenance and/or growth-reproduction energetic requirements are size and volume-dependent. The scallop Argopecten purpuratus, one of the most important bivalve species subjected to fishery and aquaculture along the Humboldt Current System, inhabits spaces affected by continuous changes in temperature, pH, oxygen, and food availability driven by remote and local oceanographic processes. Specifically, in Chile, this species is mainly cultured in central-north Chile where is permanently affected by upwelling events of dissimilar intensity and duration which generate local conditions of acidification, deoxygenation, and cooling with different magnitudes. However, to date, it remains unknown how this economic valuable resource is physiologically affected throughout its life cycle by the continuous environmental changes driven by upwelling events of different intensities and duration along the year. Here, for the first time, A. purpuratus life-stage physiological sensitivity was assessed at a seasonal scale through a year-field experiment where growth, calcification, and survivorship were evaluated. Our study shows how seasonal differences in the upwelling phenology (here measured as changes in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and primary productivity, but also as the number, duration, and intensity of cooling and de-oxygenation events) notably impacted the A. purpuratus physiological performance from juvenile to adult life-stages. This was especially noticeable during the spring season which showed the most intense cooling and deoxygenation events driven by stronger favorable-upwelling winds and the lowest growth and gross calcification rates (the highest decalcification rates) where adult stages showed the lowest performance. On the other hand, A. purpuratus survivorship was not significantly affected by upwelling intensity which would be providing evidence of the high physiological flexibility and well-locally adapted is this species to fluctuating and occasional stressful environmental conditions. Our results are significantly relevant in the climate change context as some upwelling systems are at risk to change shortly (i.e., an upwelling intensification in frequency and intensity) as a consequence of changes in the atmospheric pressures that modulate favourable-upwelling winds. These changes may certainly increase the climate related-risks of the entire socio-ecological systems related to the fishery and aquaculture of A. purpuratus along the Humboldt Current System

Climate change-related risks and adaptation potential in Central and South America during the 21st century

Climate-related risks in Central and South America have received increased attention and concern in science and policy, but an up-to-date comprehensive review and synthesis of risks and adaptation potential is currently missing. For this paper we evaluated over 200 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents published since 2012. We found that climate change in Central and South America during the 21st century may increase the risk to severe levels for the following topical risk clusters: (a) Food insecurity; (b) Floods and landslides; (c) Water scarcity; (d) Epidemics of vector-borne diseases; (e) Amazon Forest biome shift; (f). Coral bleaching; (g) Coastal risks of sea level rise, storm surges and erosion; (h) Systemic failure due to cascading impacts of hazards and epidemics. Our synthesis also identified feasible adaptation measures for each risk. The impacts of the risks will be heterogeneous throughout the region, with rural communities, Indigenous peoples, Afro-Latin Americans, women, disabled people, and migrants identified as being the most severely affected. We refer to a number of adaptation options for each risk. However, unabated climate change together with low adaptive capacity will strictly limit adaptation options. Immediate strengthening of policies for building adaptive capacity and increase of research on the risk-adaptation nexus in Central and South America are paramount. Our findings might contribute to guide the adjustment and emphasis of adaptation policies and climate risk management strategies from local to national level

Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage

publishedVersio

Food supply confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification

Invasion of ocean surface waters by anthropogenic CO emitted to the atmosphere is expected to reduce surface seawater pH to 7.8 by the end of this century compromising marine calcifiers. A broad range of biological and mineralogical mechanisms allow marine calcifiers to cope with ocean acidification, however these mechanisms are energetically demanding which affect other biological processes (trade-offs) with important implications for the resilience of the organisms against stressful conditions. Hence, food availability may play a critical role in determining the resistance of calcifiers to OA. Here we show, based on a meta-analysis of existing experimental results assessing the role of food supply in the response of organisms to OA, that food supply consistently confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification.This work was funded by grants from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency within the Danish 486 Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic (DANCEA), ASSEMBLE grant agreement no. 227799 from European Community and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ESTRESX, number CTM2012-32603). N.A.L. acknowledges support from grants Fondecyt 1140938 and NC 1200286 (Millennium Nucleus Project MUSELS) and L.R. was supported by BECAS CHILE fellowship program from Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Chile (CONICYT)Peer Reviewe

Central and South America

The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section follows an integrative approach in which hazards, exposure, vulnerability, impacts and risks are discussed following the eight climatically homogeneous sub-regions described in WGI AR6 (Figure 12.1). The second section assesses the implemented and proposed adaptation practices by sector; in doing so, it connects to the WGII AR6 crosschapter themes. The storyline is then a description of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and impacts providing as much detail as is available in the literature at the sub-regional level, followed by the identification of risks as a result of the interaction of those aspects. This integrated sub-regional approach ensures a balance in the text, particularly for countries that are usually underrepresented in the literature but that show a high level of vulnerability and impacts, such as those observed in CA. The sectoral assessment of adaptation that follows is useful for policymakers and implementers, usually focused and organised by sectors, government ministries or secretaries that can easily locate the relevant adaptation information for their particular sector. To ensure coherence in the chapter, a summary of the assessed adaptation options by key risks is presented, followed by a feasibility assessment for some relevant adaptation options. The chapter closes with case studies and a discussion of the knowledge gaps evidenced in the process of the assessment.EEA Santa CruzFil: Castellanos, Edwin J. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Guatemala.Fil: Lemos, Maria Fernanda. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Astigarraga, Laura. Universidad de la República; Uruguay.Fil: Chacón, Noemí. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela.Fil: Cuvi, Nicolás. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Ecuador.Fil: Huggel, Christian. University of Zurich; Switzerland.Fil: Miranda Sara, Liliana Raquel. Foro Ciudades para la Vida; Peru.Fil: Moncassim Vale, Mariana. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute for Space Research; Brasil.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Postigo, Julio C. Indiana University; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ramajo Gallardo, Laura. Adolfo Ibanez University; Chile.Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Catholic University of The North; Chile.Fil: Rusticucci, Matilde Monica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Walking family: Programme of parental skills during foster care and reunification. Summary of main findings of the Project I+D EDU2014-52921-C2. [Infographics]

Podeu consultar la versió castellana, francesa i portuguesa al recurs relacionat.Walking Family is a support programme for specific parenting skills in foster care and reunification. Its main aim is to promote the acceptance and involvement of the welfare measure and to foster and strengthen reunification. One of the most relevant aspects of the programme is its group methodology, as it can be used to convey effective coping strategies for everyday problems. Walking Family is characterised by three cornerstones of innovation: positive parenting and child welfare, child participation and family resilience. The programme is developed over 5 modules, each containing 3 sessions. Each session offers activities to do with the children, with the parents and with the family as a unit

Caminhar em família: Programa de competências parentais durante o acolhimento e a reunificação familiar. Resumo dos principais resultados do Projeto I+D EDU2014-52921-C2. [Infográficos]

Podeu consultar la versió castellana, anglesa i francesa al recurs relacionat.Caminhar em familia é um programa de apoio às competências parentais específicas aos processos de acolhimento e de reunificação familiar. O seu principal objetivo é promover a aceitação e o envolvimento com a medida de proteção, bem como o de favorecer e consolidar a reunificação familiar. Um dos aspetos mais relevantes do programa é a sua metodologia grupal, já que através da mesma se transmitem estratégias eficazes para dar resposta aos problemas quotidianos. O Caminhar em família carateriza-se por três linhas de inovação: Parentalidade positiva e proteção à infância, participação infantil e resiliência familiar. O Programa desenvolve-se em 5 módulos e cada um deles inclui 3 sessões. Cada sessão apresenta atividades para realizar com filhos e filhas, com pais e mães e com a família em conjunto

Caminar en familia: Programa de competencias parentales durante el acogimiento y la reunificación familiar. Resumen de los principales resultados del Proyecto I+D EDU2014-52921-C2. [Infografía]

Podeu consultar la versió anglesa, francesa i portuguesa al recurs relacionat.Caminar en familia es un programa de apoyo a las competencias parentales específicas en un proceso de acogida y de reunificación familiar. Su principal objetivo es promocionar la aceptación y la implicación de la medida de protección así como favorecer y afianzar la reunificación familiar. Uno de los aspectos más relevante del programa es su metodología grupal, ya que a través de ella se pueden transmitir estrategias efectivas de afrontamiento de los problemas cotidianos. El Caminar en familia se caracteriza por tres ejes de innovación: Parentalidad positiva y protección a la infancia, participación infantil y resiliencia familiar. El programa se desarrolla en 5 módulos y por cada uno de ellos contiene 3 sesiones. Cada sesión presenta actividades para realizar con los hijos e hijas, con los padres y madres y con la familia en su conjunto

Marcher en famille: Programme de compétences parentales pendant l'accueil et la réunification familiale. Résumé des principaux résultats du Projet I+D EDU2014-52921-C2. [Infographie]

Podeu consultar la versió castellana, anglesa i portuguesa al recurs relacionat.Marcher en famille est un programme de soutien aux compétences parentales spécifiques dans un processus d’accueil et de réunification familiale. Son objectif principal est de promouvoir l’acceptation et l’implication de la mesure de protection, ainsi que de favoriser et de garantir la réunification familiale. L’un des aspects les plus importants du programme est sa méthodologie groupale, puisque l’on peut au travers d’elle transmettre des stratégies effectives d’affrontement des problèmes quotidiens. Le Marcher en famille se caractérise par trois axes d’innovation: Parentalité positive et protection de l’enfance, participation infantile et résilience familiale. Le programme se développe en 5 modules et chacun d’entre eux comprend 3 séances. Chaque séance présente des activités à réaliser avec les fils