11 research outputs found
EVALUACIÓN DE LA UNIFORMIDAD DE DISTRIBUCIÓN EN CAMPO EN RIEGO POR GOTEO CON AGUAS REGENERADAS: COMPARACIÓN Y PROPUESTA DE UN NUEVO MÉTODO
[EN] Flow distribution uniformity is a parameter used for micro-irrigation evaluation.
Different methods describe how to collect data and to calculate the distribution uniformity,
such as the procedures developed by Merriam and Keller (1978), ASAE (1998) and Burt
(2004). The main difference between these methods is the number and location of the drip
emitters used for calculating the distribution uniformity. Nowadays, with increasing use of
precision technologies, an alternative method is proposed to estimate distribution uniformity
in real time and without using the manpower required by this time-consuming task. This
method consists in using flow and pressure data collected by the devices installed in the drip
irrigation unit. The proposed procedure will also allow to evaluate subsurface drip irrigation systems, which distribution uniformity otherwise would be very difficult to determine
frequently. The evolution of the results obtained by the proposed method according to the
irrigation time is more similar with that obtained by Burt’s (2004) method than that obtained
following Merriam and Keller’s (1978) method.[ES] La uniformidad de distribución de caudales es una medida de evaluación de los
sistemas de riego por goteo. Existen distintos métodos de evaluación de campo descritos
para su determinación, entre los cuales destacan los de Merriam y Keller (1978), ASAE
(1998) y Burt (2004). La principal diferencia entre estos métodos está en la localización y
cantidad de emisores que se utilizan para el cálculo de la uniformidad. En la situación actual
de aumento de la utilización de tecnologÃas de precisión, se propone una alternativa a los
métodos existentes consistente en la utilización de registros de caudal y presión
proporcionados por distintos medidores instalados en la subunidad de riego, permitiendo
estimar la uniformidad de distribución de caudales en tiempo real y sin necesidad de
utilización de mano de obra para esta laboriosa tarea. La nueva metodologÃa permitirÃa,
además, evaluar instalaciones de goteo enterrado que de otra manera serÃa complicado de
medir frecuentemente. La evolución de los resultados obtenidos en función de las horas de
riego con el método presentado es más parecida a la que se consigue con el método de Burt
(2004) que a la obtenida con el método de Merriam y Keller (1978).Duran-Ros, M.; Arbat, G.; Pujol, J.; Barragán, J.; RamÃrez De Cartagena, F.; Puig-Bargués, J. (2015). EVALUACIÓN DE LA UNIFORMIDAD DE DISTRIBUCIÓN EN CAMPO EN RIEGO POR GOTEO CON AGUAS REGENERADAS: COMPARACIÓN Y PROPUESTA DE UN NUEVO MÉTODO. En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1526OC
Diseño de una nueva crepina para reducir la caida de presión en filtros de arena
La filtración es necesaria para evitar la obturación de los emisores, que es el principal problema del riego por goteo. Sin embargo, los filtros necesitan presiones elevadas que están relacionadas con un mayor consumo energético. Estudios anteriores han mostrado que la caÃda de presión en los filtros de arena, considerados como los estándares en riego por goteo, se localiza principalmente en el drenaje. El principal objetivo del trabajo fue diseñar un nuevo modelo de crepina que redujera la caÃda de presión en el filtro. Esta nueva crepina tiene mayores pasajes a la salida del drenaje, está rodeada con un medio granular de mayor conductividad hidráulica y modifica la curvatura del flujo por encima de la crepina. La nueva crepina fue construida y ensayada en condiciones de filtrado y contralavado, con y sin medio filtrante, en un filtro de laboratorio escalado a partir de un filtro comercial. Esta nueva crepina redujo considerablemente la caÃda de presión con respecto el diseño comercial. Se desarrolló también un modelo CFD para analizar con detalle las zonas donde se consigue la reducción observada.Filtration is mandatory for preventing emitter clogging, which is the main drawback of microirrigation. However, microirrigation filters have high pressure requirements, which in turn are related to higher energy consumption. Previous studies have shown that pressure loss in sand media filters, which are usually considered the standard for microirrigation, are mainly located in the filter underdrain. The main objective was to design a new underdrain that could reduce sand media filter pressure drop. The new underdrain has wider passages to the underdrain outlet, is surrounded with a granular medium with higher hydraulic conductivity and it modifies the flow curvature above the underdrain. The new underdrain was built and tested under filtration and backwashing conditions and with and without filter bed using a laboratory filter which was scaled from a commercial filter. The new underdrain considerably reduced pressure loss compared with a commercial filter. A CFD model was developed for further study those filter areas where the underdrain achieved a higher reduction of pressure drop
Eliminación de partÃculas de efluentes en filtros de sistemas de riego localizado
The aim of this work was to determine whether the filters used in microirrigation systems can remove potentially emitter-clogging particles. The particle size and volume distributions of different effluents and their filtrates were established, and the efficiency of the removal of these particles and total suspended solids by screen, disc and sand filters determined. In most of the effluents and filtrates, the number of particles with a diameter > 20 micro m was minimal. By analysing the particle volume distribution it was found that particles larger than the disc and screen filter pores appeared in the filtrates. However, the sand filter was able to retain particles larger than the pore size. The filtration efficiency depended more on the type of effluent than on the filter. It was also found that the particle size distribution followed a potential law. Analysis of the beta exponents showed that the filters did not significantly modify the particle size distribution of the effluents.La distribución del número y del volumen de partÃculas, y la eficiencia de eliminación de las partÃculas y los sólidos en suspensión de diferentes efluentes y sus filtrados, fueron analizadas para estudiar si los filtros más usuales en los sistemas de riego localizado eliminan las partÃculas que pueden obturar los goteros. En la mayorÃa de los efluentes y filtrados fue mÃnimo el número de partÃculas con diámetros superiores a 20 micro m. Sin embargo, al analizar la distribución del volumen de las partÃculas, en los filtrados aparecieron partÃculas de dimensiones superiores a la luz de los filtros de anillas y malla, siendo el filtro de arena el que retuvo las partÃculas de mayor diámetro. La eficiencia de los filtros para retener partÃculas se debió más al tipo de efluente que al filtro. Se verificó también que la distribución del número de partÃculas sigue una relación de tipo potencial. Analizando el exponente beta de la ley potencial, se halló que los filtros no modificaron significativamente la distribución del número de partÃculas de los efluentes
Evaluación de mercados de aguas de riego en las cuencas internas de Cataluña (España)
Irrigated agriculture has come under close scrutiny in Europe recently because of its high share of total water consumption and its apparent inefficiency. Several water policies have been advocated, in particular the use of economic instruments such as water markets. This paper simulates the impact of a policy based upon water markets on agricultural production in the internal river basins of Catalonia (Spain). This zone presents certain particularities that make it very interesting to study: competition between sectors for the resource (agriculture-urban consumption-recreational uses), recent periods of resource insufficiency and conflicts between irrigators as a result of the measures taken by the hydraulic administration in drought situations. The results show that these markets would guarantee an optimal reassignment of the resource in situations of supply restrictions, and although compared to the situation without markets they would not mean higher economic profits for the irrigators, they could prevent conflicts between them. Nevertheless, doubts exist about their acceptance by irrigators.Últimamente se ha puesto en duda el papel económico del regadÃo en Europa, debido al elevado consumo de agua que representa, asà como a su aparente baja eficiencia de uso. Al mismo tiempo, las polÃticas tradicionales de gestión de aguas están en entredicho, surgiendo nuevos planteamientos, destacando entre ellos el uso de instrumentos económicos como los mercados de aguas. Este artÃculo analiza el impacto sobre la producción agrÃcola de la instauración de mercados de aguas en un área de riego comunitario ubicada en las cuencas internas de Cataluña (España). Esta zona presenta ciertas particularidades que hacen que su estudio sea especialmente interesante: se trata de un área con una elevada competencia intersectorial por el uso del recurso (agricultura-consumo urbano-usos recreativos), recientes periodos de insuficiencia en el suministro y conflictos entre regantes como resultado de las medidas tomadas por la administración hidráulica en caso de sequÃa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los mercados garantizan una reasignación óptima del recurso en situaciones de restricción del suministro, y aunque globalmente no generan una ganancia económica muy elevada respecto a la situación sin mercado, sà podrÃan evitar conflictos entre regantes. Sin embargo, existen dudas sobre su aceptación práctica por parte de dichos regantes
An approach to costs and energy consumption in private urban Spanish Mediterranean landscapes from a simplified model in sprinkle irrigation
The number of private gardens has increased in recent years, creating a more pleasant urban model, but not without having an environmental impact, including increased energy consumption, which is the focus of this study. The estimation of costs and energy consumption for the generic typology of private urban gardens is based on two simplifying assumptions: square geometry with surface areas from 25 to 500 m2 and hydraulic design with a single pipe. In total, eight sprinkler models have been considered, along with their possible working pressures, and 31 pumping units grouped into 5 series that adequately cover the range of required flow rates and pressures, resulting in 495 hydraulic designs repeated for two climatically different locations in the Spanish Mediterranean area (Girona and Elche). Mean total irrigation costs for the locality with lower water needs (Girona) and greater needs (Elche) were € 2,974 ha-1 yr-1 and € 3,383 ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Energy costs accounted for 11.4% of the total cost for the first location, and 23.0% for the second. While a suitable choice of the hydraulic elements of the setup is essential, as it may provide average energy savings of 77%, due to the low energy cost in relation to the cost of installation, the potential energy savings do not constitute a significant incentive for the irrigation system design. The low efficiency of the pumping units used in this type of garden is the biggest obstacle and constraint to achieving a high quality energy solution
Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents
Flushing is an important maintenance task that removes accumulated particles in microirrigation laterals that can help to reduce clogging problems. The effect of three dripline flushing frequency treatments (no flushing, one flushing at the end of each irrigation period, and a monthly flushing during the irrigation period) was studied in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems that operated using a wastewater treatment plant effluent for three irrigation periods of 540h each. The irrigation systems had two different emitters, one pressure compensating and the other not, both molded and welded onto the interior dripline wall, placed in laterals 87m long. Dripline flow of the pressure compensating emitter increased 8% over time, while in the nonpressure compensating emitter, dripline flow increased 25% in the surface driplines and decreased 3% in the subsurface driplines by the emitter clogging. Emitter clogging was affected primarily by the interactions between emitter location, emitter type, and flushing frequency treatment. The number of completely clogged emitters was affected by the interaction between irrigation system and emitter type. There was an average of 3.7% less totally clogged emitters in flushed surface driplines with the pressure compensating emitter as compared to flushed subsurface laterals with the nonpressure compensating emitter.Flushing Wastewater Surface drip irrigation Subsurface drip irrigation Plugging