Ampliación en la infraestructura de la institución Educativa Rafael Reyes

El proyecto del presente trabajo de grado titulado AMPLIACIÓN EN LA INFRAESTRUCTURA DE LA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA RAFAEL REYES, está direccionado con el fin de dar solución al hacinamiento estudiantil que se tiene actualmente en la institución, para así brindar la oportunidad de que jóvenes y niños del municipio de Duitama Boyacá, tengan acceso a la educación básica en una institución del estado. Este proyecto nace como propuesta de las directivas de la institución y la Alcaldía municipal, quienes fueron beneficiados en el programa del Ministerio de Educación Nacional y el Fondo de Financiamiento de Instituciones Educativas (FFIE) para que mediante recursos del estado se adjudicara en el año 2016 el contrato para la construcción y ampliación de instituciones públicas en el departamento de Boyacá. La información empleada y recopilada para el presente proyecto, corresponde a información propia de la empresa contratista a la cual se le cedió el contrato en el año 2019, información publicada por la alcaldía municipal y el Ministerio de Educación nacional, para ser evaluados bajo los lineamientos del Project Management Institute y la guía PMBOK.The project of this degree work entitled AMPLIACIÓN EN LA INFRAESTRUCTURA DE LA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA RAFAEL REYES, is aimed at providing a solution to the overcrowding that currently exists in the institution, in order to provide the opportunity for young people and children of the municipality of Duitama Boyacá, have access to basic education in a state institution. This project was born as a proposal of the directors of the institution and the municipal mayor's office, who were beneficiaries of the program of the Ministry of National Education and the Fund for the Financing of Educational Institutions (FFIE) so that through state resources the contract for the construction and expansion of public institutions in the department of Boyacá was awarded in 2016. The information used and collected for this project corresponds to the contractor company's own information to which the contract was assigned in 2019, information published by the municipal mayor's office and the national Ministry of Education, to be evaluated under the guidelines of the Project Management Institute and the PMBOK guide

Development of Pranoprofen Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Improve Its Release and Therapeutic Efficacy in Skin Inflammatory Disorders

Abstract: Pranoprofen (PF)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), prepared using a high-pressure homogenization method, have been optimized and characterized to improve the biopharmaceutical profile of the drug. The optimized PF-NLCs exhibited physicochemical characteristics and morphological properties that were suitable for dermal application. Stability assays revealed good physical stability, and the release behavior of PF from these NLCs showed a sustained release pattern. Cell viability results revealed no toxicity. Ex vivo human skin permeation studies in Franz diffusion cells were performed to determine the influence of different skin penetration enhancers (pyrrolidone, decanol, octanoic acid, nonane, menthone, squalene, linoleic acid, and cineol) on skin penetration and retention of PF, being the highest dermal retention in the presence of linoleic acid. The selected formulations of NLCs exhibited a high retained amount of PF in the skin and no systemic effects. In vivo mice anti-inflammatory efficacy studies showed a significant reduction in dermal oedema. NLCs containing linoleic acid presented better anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing the production of interleukins in keratinocytes and monocytes. The biomechanical properties of skin revealed an occlusive effect and no hydration power. No signs of skin irritancy in vivo were detected. According to these results, dermal PF-NLCs could be an effective system for the delivery and controlled release of PF, improving its dermal retention, with reduced dermal oedema as a possible effect of this drug KEYWORDS: anti-inflammatory activity; linoleic acid; nanostructured lipid carriers; penetration enhancers; pranoprofen; skin deliver

The integration of sustainability and the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) in the geographical teaching of tourism: a didactic and methodological proposal for University

El objeto de este trabajo es abordar la cuestión, de creciente interés y actualidad, de la integración de la sostenibilidad y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en la docencia universitaria. La relevancia de la cuestión se sustenta tanto en el desafío global que constituye la consecución de la Agenda 2030 como en el papel destacado que a este respecto puede desempeñar la educación superior. Para una integración eficaz, resulta imprescindible el diseño de planes de estudio y programas que permitan la incorporación de contenidos y competencias de sostenibilidad de manera adaptativa a los diferentes campos temáticos y sectores profesionales, como propugna la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS). Este trabajo se centra en el estudio geográfico del turismo, en tanto que sector de gran potencial para ello. Se ha recurrido a la experiencia desarrollada desde años atrás en un contexto universitario real, así como a la aplicación de la visión y estrategias de la Pedagogía del Turismo Sostenible (PTS), para la definición de un itinerario temático de docencia geográfica del turismo a través de tres asignaturas fundamentales. Los resultados, detallados a través de un desarrollo conceptual, metodológico y práctico, muestran la posibilidad de articular un itinerario temático coherente, que integre de manera efectiva el paradigma de la sostenibilidad y los ODS en el desarrollo docente. Se plantea como experiencia inspiradora tanto para el turismo como para otros campos de estudio y sectores profesionales.The purpose of this paper is to address the increasingly interesting and topical issue of integrating sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into University teaching. The relevance of the issue is underpinned both by the global challenge of achieving the 2030 Agenda and the important role that higher education can play in this regard. For effective integration, it is essential to design curricula and programmers that enable the incorporation of sustainability content and competences in an adaptive way to different subject areas and professional sectors, as advocated by Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This paper focuses on the geographical study of tourism as a sector with great potential for this. The experience developed over the years in a real university context, as well as the application of the vision and strategies of Sustainable Tourism Pedagogy (STP), have been used to define a thematic itinerary for the geographic teaching of tourism through three fundamental subjects. The results, detailed through a conceptual, methodological and practical development, show the possibility of articulating a coherent thematic itinerary that effectively integrates the paradigm of sustainability and the SDGs in teaching development. It is proposed as an inspiring experience for tourism as well as for other fields of study and professional sectors

Directional dependence of the second harmonic response in two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals

The following article appeared in Applied Physics Letters 96.26 (2010): 261111 and may be found at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3459975A two-dimensional periodic arrangement of alternating ferroelectric domains in LiNbO3, with asymmetric domain duty cycle has been used to demonstrate that counterpropagating beams along the polar axis can generate disparate second harmonic patterns, which are nonsymmetrical with respect to the source and the point of observation. These findings provide alternative routes to generate dissimilar light-matter interaction processes in two-dimensional structures assembled onto polar surfaces, including metals for plasmonics or biological compound

Influence of cow or goat milk consumption on antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation during chronic iron repletion

Despite Fe deficiency and overload having been widely studied, no studies are available about the influence of milk consumption on antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation during the course of these highly prevalent cases. The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of cow or goat milk-based diets, either with normal or Fe-overload, on antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation in the liver, brain and erythrocytes of control and anaemic rats after chronic Fe repletion. Weanling male rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group receiving a normal-Fe diet (45 mg/kg) and an anaemic group receiving a low-Fe diet (5 mg/kg) for 40 d. Control and anaemic rats were fed goat or cow milk-based diets, either with normal Fe or Fe-overload (450 mg/kg), for 30 or 50 d. Fe-deficiency anaemia did not have any effect on antioxidant enzymes or lipid peroxidation in the organs studied. During chronic Fe repletion, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in the group of animals fed the cow milk diet compared with the group consuming goat milk. The slight modification of catalase and glutathione peroxidise activities in animals fed the cow milk-based diet reveals that these enzymes are unable to neutralise and scavenge the high generation of free radicals produced. The animals fed the cow milk diet showed higher rates of lipid peroxidation compared with those receiving the goat milk diet, which directly correlated with the increase in SOD activity. It was concluded that goat milk has positive effects on antioxidant defence, even in a situation of Fe overload, limiting lipid peroxidatio

Evaluation of the presence of genes FLO1, FLO5, FLO9 and FLO11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

ABSTRACT: Since cell-cell attachment enables biomass separation from the fermentation product, flocculant ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is a relevant characteristic for the ethanol industry, as it reduces operating times and costs. The capacity of S. cerevisiae to adhere to cells and abiotic surfaces is conferred by a specific group of cell wall proteins called adhesions, which are encoded by FLO gene family. The expression of these genes is associated to the response to some stress conditions that are common to both natural environments and industrial fermentations. This study evaluates the presence of genes FLO1, FLO5, FLO9 and FLO11 in S. cerevisiae strains, isolated from natural environments, and in turn, it demonstrates the importance of the identification of FLO genes in native strains for adequate control of flocculation in industrial fermentations.RESUMEN: La capacidad floculante en cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae es una característica importante para la industria del etanol ya que la unión célula-célula permite la fácil separación de la biomasa del producto de fermentación, reduciendo el tiempo y los costos operacionales. La capacidad que tiene S. cerevisiae para adherirse a células y superficies abióticas es conferida por un grupo específico de proteínas de la pared celular, denominadas adhesinas y codificadas por la familia de genes FLO. La expresión de dichos genes está relacionada con la respuesta a algunas condiciones de estrés que son comunes tanto a ambientes naturales como a fermentaciones industriales. Este estudio evaluó la presencia de los genes FLO1, FLO5, FLO9 y FLO11 en cepas de S. cerevisiae, aisladas de ambientes naturales, y a su vez, evidenció la importancia de la identificación de los genes FLO en cepas nativas para un control adecuado de la floculación en fermentaciones industriales

Ventajas y desventajas de la implementación del plan de acción sobre la erosión de la base imponible y traslado de beneficios (Beps) en el territorio colombiano

Teniendo en cuenta que la función de la organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), es perseguir el objetivo específico como el intercambio de información y la armonización de políticas con el objetivo de maximizar su crecimiento económico y coadyuvar a países miembros y no miembros, buscando modelos y estándares que se ajusten a este proceso, como lo es el plan de acción sobre la erosión de la base imponible y traslado de beneficios (BEPS) con el fin de disminuir los riesgos de evasión para mejorar el equilibrio económico contando con herramientas claras como son, precios de transferencia, economía digital, acuerdos híbridos desajustados, establecimientos permanentes, prácticas internacionales perjudiciales y abuso de convenio.Especialista en Derecho TributarioEspecializació

Selective rearrangement of Nd3+ centers in LiNbO3 under ferroelectric domain inversion by electron beam writing

The following article appeared in Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 78.1 (2008): 014114 and may be found at https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.014114Different values of the electronic charge provided by a direct electron beam writing system have been used to produce polarization inverted domain regions in the micrometer range on Nd3+ optically activated LiNbO3. The effect of the electronic charge on the Nd3+ center structure has been studied by means of low-temperature luminescence from Nd3+ ions. The axial crystal field acting on the Nd3+ centers has been analyzed through the F4 3/2 energy-level splitting of the Nd3+ ions. From there we have determined the position of Nd3+ ions into the Li+ octahedra for the different unequivalent centers in domains reversed with different electronic doses. The results show that the axial crystal field acting on the unequivalent Nd3+ centers can be selectively modified by means of the different doses applied to produce the inversion of the polarization. Moreover, a control of the discrete shifts suffered by the Nd3+ ions into the Li+ octahedra after the inversion process can be carried out in the range 0-0.02Å by selecting the type of Nd center to be shifted by means of the different electronic charge. The behavior of each Nd3+ center after the polarization inversion under different doses can be discriminated and the different nature, as well as the polar character of the Nd3+ centers, is clearly manifeste

Tourism in Andalusia (Spain): an update from a geographical analysis

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer un análisis de carácter evolutivo y actualizado sobre la realidad turística de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía (España). El estudio se basa en el manejo de las tradicionales variables cuantitativas (oferta y demanda) en su proyección sobre un espacio territorial de excepcional relevancia turística, pero también de gran complejidad y diversidad. Se reflexiona sobre el valor y representatividad de estas variables para el estudio territorial-turístico, a partir de las fuentes oficiales de información disponibles, proporcionando al respecto una propuesta de indicadores específicos. Para el caso de estudio, se constata el importante peso cuantitativo y el crecimiento general de la actividad turística durante el periodo analizado (2008-2022), lo que se acompaña de algunos procesos de cambio y reestructuración ciertamente significativos e interesantes, tanto en la conformación interna de la oferta como en ciertos patrones de comportamiento de la demanda.The aim of the work is to offer an evolutionary and updated analysis of the tourism reality of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain). The proposed study is based on the use of the traditional quantitative variables (supply and demand) in their projection on a specific territorial space (Andalusia), of exceptional tourist relevance, but also of great complexity and diversity. It reflects on the value and representativeness of these variables for the territorial-tourist study, based on the official sources of information available, offering a proposal for specific indicators. For the case study, the important quantitative weight and general growth of tourism activity during the period analysed (2008-2022) is confirmed, which is accompanied by some certainly significant and interesting processes of change and restructuring, both in the internal conformation of supply and in certain patterns of demand behaviour

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oleanolic/Ursolic Acids-Loaded in PLGA Nanoparticles in Different Cell Lines

Oleanolic (OA) and ursolic (UA) acids are recognized triterpenoids with anti-cancer properties, showing cell-specific activity that can be enhanced when loaded into polymeric nanoparticles. The cytotoxic activity of OA and UA was assessed by Alamar Blue assay in three different cell lines, i.e., HepG2 (Human hepatoma cell line), Caco-2 (Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line) and Y-79 (Human retinoblastoma cell line). The natural and synthetic mixtures of these compounds were tested as free and loaded in polymeric nanoparticles in a concentration range from 2 to 32 µmol/L. The highest tested concentrations of the free triterpene mixtures produced statistically significant cell viability reduction in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, compared to the control (untreated cells). When loaded in the developed PLGA nanoparticles, no differences were recorded for the tested concentrations in the same cell lines. However, in the Y-79 cell line, a decrease on cell viability was observed when testing the lowest concentration of both free triterpene mixtures, and after their loading into PLGA nanoparticles