Rheological and Molecular Characterization of Rubberized Asphalt Emulsion

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the rheological and molecular characterization of rubberized asphalt emulsion. One rubberized asphalt emulsion and an asphalt rubber (CRS-2TR and AC20-TR) and two conventional emulsions (CRS-2 and CRS-2P) were evaluated. The emulsions were characterized by conducting rheological and physical testing. The influence of adding crumb rubber on the binder chemical composition was investigated in the laboratory using Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR) on the original, Rolling-Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV)-aged binder residues. Results showed that CRS-2TR and AC20-TR had lower carbonyl and sulfoxide indices indicating better resistance to aging compared to conventional asphalt emulsions. Results of High-Pressure Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC) on the original, RTFO and PAV-aged binder residues showed that CRS-2TR and AC20-TR had similar High-Molecular Weight (HMW) content compared to that of conventional asphalt emulsions indicating similar susceptibility to brittleness with age

Laboratory And Short-Term Field Performance Of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Emulsion In Chip Seal Applications

Chip sealing is a commonly used pavement maintenance treatment that aims to delay pavement deterioration by reducing water infiltration and restoring skid resistance. Loss of aggregate and bleeding are considered the major failure mechanisms in chip seal, and therefore, are the main design criteria for this treatment method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the laboratory and short-term field performance of chip seals prepared with different types of asphalt emulsions, application rates, and aggregate blends. A newly introduced crumb-rubber modified asphalt emulsion was evaluated that allows chip seal installation at the same temperature of a standard emulsion. Types of emulsion included a crumb-rubber modified asphalt emulsion (CRS-2TR), an asphalt rubber (AC20-TR), a polymer-modified emulsion (CRS-2P), and a conventional unmodified emulsion (CRS-2). Application rates were selected based on the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) specifications, as well as, from the chip seal design method recommended in NCHRP Report 680. A 90-10 aggregate blend of lightweight aggregate (LWA) and rubber aggregate (RA) was also investigated. The loss of aggregate was measured using two laboratory performance tests: the sweep test (ASTM D 7000) and the Pennsylvania Aggregate Retention Test (PART). The strength of adhesion of the four emulsions was also evaluated using the Bitumen Bond Strength (BBS) test. While asphalt rubber was the best performer in terms of aggregate loss, CRS-2P and CRS-2TR performed similarly followed by the conventional emulsion. Results of the BBS test showed a similar rank for the bond strength of the emulsions. It was also observed that the loss of aggregate in chip seal decreased with the increase in application rate. However, incorporation of rubber as aggregate in chip sealing increased the loss of aggregate in the chip seal specimens indicating poor adhesion between the emulsions and the rubber aggregate. Field application of chip seals was also conducted to assess the short-term field performance of chip seal sections. Manual distress survey was conducted on the chip seal sections after three months of construction, after six months of construction, and after 12 months of construction. Field distresses associated with chip seals such as, bleeding, rutting, longitudinal cracking, and transverse cracking were measured and the PCI for each chip seal section was calculated. Results indicated that chip seal sections constructed with CRS-2P and CRS-2TR had performed well whereas the chip seal sections constructed with CRS-2 had the worst performance. Furthermore, the most cost-effective chip seal section was achieved by the application of CRS-2TR emulsion at the LaDOTD recommended emulsion application rate

TINJAUAN VIKTIMOLOGI TINDAK PIDANA PENIPUAN MELALUI TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK

Perkembangan teknologi saat ini membawa penggunanya ke dalam kemudahan dalam melakukan sesuatu, termasuk dalam hal transaksi elektronik. Internet merupakan salah satu caranya. Pengguna tidak lagi harus susah payah melihat barang langsung ke tempat apalagi tempat itu jauh dari domisilinya. Cukup dengan memilih fitur-fitur yang ada dalam pilihan aplikasi kemudian melakukan transaksi di saat itu juga. Akan tetapi beberapa masalah muncul dari setiap kemudahan yang ada, antara lain tidak adanya perlindungan terhadap korban transaksi elektronik dan upaya hukum apa saja yang dapat dilakukan korban.Oleh karena itu penulis membahas bagaimana kebijakan hukum penal dan non penal dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi korban transaksi elektronik. Metodologi dalam memecahkan permasalahan ini dengan menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif. Yuridis-normatif digunakan untuk mencari data primer yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan hukum pidana dalam permasalahan transaksi elektronik. Pembahasan perlindunga hukum bagi korban tindak pidana transaksi elektronik ini dilihat dari kebijakan hukum pidananya dengan dikeluarkannya peraturan yang mengatur yakni UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 yang menyangkut masalah siapa subjeknya, apa saja objeknya, perbuatan apa saja yang dapat dikenai sanksi pidana, dan ketentuan pidananya. Kemudian mengenai kebijakan non penal yang didalamnya menyertakan upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan korban yakni melalui jalur litigasi maupun non litigasi. Jalur litigasi merupakan penyelesaian melalui pengadilan sedangkan jalur non litigasi melalui mediasi dengan lembaga-lembaga terkait. Dengan adanya UU ITE, diharapkan perlindungan hukum bagi korban akan terjamin